Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs)

For more information on the DNAPL Website, please contact:

Linda Fiedler
Technology Assessment Branch
(703) 603-7194
fiedler.linda@epa.gov

Overview Policy and Guidance Chemistry and Behavior Ethers (for future development) Halogenated alkanes (for future development) Halogenated alkenes Halogenated monaromatics (for future development) Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (for future development) Multi-Component Waste (creosotes, coal tars, heavy oils) Coal Tars Creosotes Heavy Oils Other (aniline, benzyl chloride, etc.) (for future development) Environmental Occurrence Toxicology Detection and Site Characterization Treatment Technologies Conferences and Seminars Additional Resources [View Complete DNAPLs Site Map]

Chemistry and Behavior

Multi-Component Waste

Coal Tars

Coal tars are produced from the distillation of coal to produce coke primarily for the steel industry and from making manufactured gas. The two processes can produce two distinctly different products. The coking process usually results in a viscous liquid or semi-solid material that is dark brown to black and has a naphthalene odor (ATSDR 2002). The coal tars from a manufactured gas plant (MGP), especially one using the carburetted water process, are reddish brown to black with the consistency of vegetable oil (NYDEC 2007). The difference in viscosity means that some MGP produced coal tars can move farther and quicker in the subsurface than their coking counterparts.

Coal tars are a very complex mixture of mono and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols, heterocyclic oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds (ATSDR 2002). The specific gravity of coal tars varies from about 1.18 g/cc to 1.23 g/cc (Lewis 2001) due to the inherent variability of these mixtures.

When released to the environment coal tars begin to partition by individual constituent. For example, soluble components like benzene, naphthalene, and phenol start dissolving into water while volatile chemicals like benzene, xylenes, and toluene partition to the vapor phase. Like the creosotes that are derived from coal tars, the various chemicals contained in coal tars have a wide range of K_oc and K_ow values that give them different fates. Some compounds in coal tar mixtures tend to bioaccumulate.

Several chemicals found in coal tars biodegrade readily and will do so if they dissolve into a surface or ground water body; however, as is evidenced by the presence of coal tars in the subsurface of several MGP sites that have been closed for 50 to 100 years, coal tars can be very long-lived.

For Further Information

Contamination at MGP Sites
New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC 2007)

This is a webpage that discusses manufactured gas plant sites in New York.

Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary 14th Edition
Lewis, R.
John Wiley & Sons, 2001, 1223 pp

This book is a dictionary of chemical terms.

Toxicological Profile for Wood Creosote, Coal Tar Creosote, Coal Tar, Coal Tar Pitch, and Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR)
U.S. Department Of Health And Human Services, 2002, 394 pp

This profile covers coal tar creosote human health effects, chemical and physical properties, manufacturing volume data, potential for human exposure (environmental fate and transport), and analytical methods.

Other DNAPLs Chemistry and Behavior Topics:

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Last updated on Thursday, July 24, 2008