Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents
Application
Biodegradation of Dense Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLS) through Bioaugmentation of Source Areas - Dover National Test Site, Dover, Delaware
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Project ER-0008, 101 pp, 2007
This demonstration was conducted to determine if bioaugmentation can stimulate complete dechlorination of a DNAPL to nontoxic end products, as well as increase the mass flux from a source zone when biological dehalorespiration activity is enhanced through nutrient addition and/or bioaugmentation. The demonstration was able to prove that biological systems can be applied to promote enhanced dissolution of a PCE DNAPL source zone. Conservatively, the study appears to demonstrate an average increase in mass discharge ranging from 2.2 to 4.5 during the bioaugmentation phase relative to baseline (groundwater extraction only) conditions. If the increase in degradation rates is insufficient to enhance DNAPL removal significantly, rapid biodegradation of the high VOC concentrations typically encountered in DNAPL source zones will provide biological containment of the groundwater plume, thereby reducing cleanup times and/or reducing the O&M cost of conventional containment using pump and treat. See also ESTCP Cost and Performance Report (2008)
and Lessons Learned (2007).
Bioenhanced In-Well Vapor Stripping (BEHIVS) to Treat Trichloroethylene
Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). 75 pp, 2003.
An in-well vapor stripper and two biotreatment wells were installed near a TCE-contaminated 'hot spot' zone at Edwards AFB for an August-December 2001 technology demonstration. In-well vapor stripping and in situ aerobic cometabolic bioremediation were combined to address a TCE source area without bringing contaminated ground water to the surface.
Bioremediation Systems at Beale Growing, Getting Better
Centerviews, Vol 14 No 1, p 6-7, Spring 2008
Beale AFB, CA, has enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) systems in 2 areas to address groundwater contaminated with TCE. The systems combine in situ biostimulation using food-grade injectants and bioaugmentation using Dehalococcoides bacteria in KB-1. One system is achieving successful reductions in contaminant levels, and the other system is new. These combined bioremediation processes can take several years to achieve the cleanup goal, depending on groundwater conditions, distribution of the electron donor, and initial solvent concentrations.
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents in Fractured Bedrock: Characterization and Case Studies
2002
This document was prepared by Erica Borum, a NNEMS grantee under a fellowship from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The objective of this paper is to present in situ bioremediation in fractured bedrock as an innovative technology for the treatment of chlorinated solvents. The heterogeneity of fractured bedrock and the persistence of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) create a costly, remedial challenge in the subsurface. Due to the existence of microorganisms in the subsurface, bioremediation processes in fractured bedrock have proven to be a potentially successful remedial process. This paper summarizes ten on-going case studies that are utilizing bioremediation of chlorinated solvent and will discuss the parameters of the projects as well as current findings.
Case Histories from Eight Years of Successful Testing and Remediation Using Aerobic Soy Based Co-Metabolism for Removal of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons from Groundwater
D. Blackert and J. Cibrik.
The Business of Brownfields: 2009 Conference Proceedings, 15-17 April, Pittsburgh, PA. 8 pp, 2009
Aerobic cometabolism approaches—which combine air sparging, liquid/liquid extraction, and biological cometabolism—have been employed successfully at more than 10 field pilot- and full-scale implementations for remediation of halogenated hydrocarbons (TCE, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform) plus other hydrocarbons and fluorocarbons in groundwater, achieving 'no further action' approval at several sites. A soy methyl ester and a biodegradable surfactant blend has been used extensively for full-scale field application. The cases include a 2003 Kansas City pilot test to address TCE and DCE, followed by full-scale remediation in 2004.
Chlorobenzene Bioreactor Demonstration
1997. D. Miller; J. Spain; W. Wallace; C. Vogel. AL/EQ-1993-0008, NTIS: AD-A332 757/4, 63 pp.
A field study was undertaken at Robins AFB, Georgia, to investigate whether above-ground, fixed-film bioreactors can biodegrade complex mixtures of chlorinated aromatic compounds in ground water using the metabolic capabilities of Pseudomonas Strain JS150.
Cometabolic Bioreactor Demonstration at the Oak Ridge K-25 Site: Final Report
Lucero, A. J.; T.L. Donaldson; H.L. Jennings; M.I. Morris; A.V. Palumbo; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, TN; ORNL/TM-12851, NTIS: DE96000848, 90 pp, Aug 95
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) conducted a comparative demonstration of two different cometabolic processes for bioremediation of ground water contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and other chlorinated solvents. Methanotrophic (methane-utilizing) technology was demonstrated first; aromatic-utilizing microorganisms were demonstrated later. This report documents the operation of the methanotrophic bioreactor system to treat the seep water at the demonstration site. The report is available to view or download through the DOE Information Bridge. http://www.osti.gov/bridge/
Cost and Performance Report: Sequential Anaerobic/Aerobic Biodegradation of PCE at Watertown, Massachusetts
2000. U.S. EPA, Technology Innovation Office, Washington, DC, 7 pp.
D6-2 Status Report on Technological Reliability for Demonstrated Soil and Groundwater Management Technologies with Special Focus on the Situation In Europe, Part 2: Update on Bioremediation Only
Eurodemo Project (GOCE) 003985, 71 pp, 2007
To encourage the application of enhanced in situ bioremediation technologies across Europe, EuroDemo has prepared this report on bioaugmentation and biostimulation techniques used to address chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon contamination, illustrating them with case studies of successful implementation at sites in the United States.
DNAPL Bioremediation – RTDF. Innovative Technology Summary Report
2002. U.S. DOE, Office of Environmental Management. DOE/EM-0625, 29 pp.
This report describes the demonstration of three in situ bioremediation techniques by the Remediation Technologies Development Forum (RTDF) Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Work Group at Dover Air Force Base.
DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Where Regulatory Closure Goals Have Been Achieved
EPA 542-R-09-008, 2009
The purpose of this paper is to highlight sites where dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source reduction has been demonstrated as an aid in meeting regulatory cleanup goals. The presence of DNAPL in the subsurface can serve as a long-term source of dissolved contaminant plumes in groundwater, making it more difficult to reach regulatory closure. However, once the DNAPL source is addressed, residual groundwater plumes may be more amenable to treatment, including less aggressive techniques such as monitored natural attenuation (MNA) or bioremediation. This paper updates the document, DNAPL Remediation: Selected Projects Approaching Regulatory Closure, prepared in 2004 by providing more recent information on technologies and on five additional selected sites at which DNAPL source reduction technologies were applied.
Demonstration of Bioaugmentation at Kelly AFB, TX
2004. B. Alleman, M. Place, and D. Major. AFRL-ML-TY-TR-2004-4530, 155 pp.
This report describes an application of the KB-1 culture to remediate TCE contamination at Kelly AFB.
Demonstration of Bioaugmentation at Kelly AFB, Texas: ESTCP Cost And Performance Report
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Project ER-9914, 42 pp, 2007
After augmentation of the aquifer with KB-1™ (a prepared culture of halorespiring bacteria) to address PCE, TCE, and their degradation products, complete dechlorination of PCE to ethene was observed.
Demonstration of Biodegradation of Dense, Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids (DNAPL) Through Biostimulation and Bioaugmentation at Launch Complex 34 in Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida: Final Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
A. Gavaskar, W-S. Yoon, M. Gaberell, E. Drescher, L. Cumming, J. Sminchak, J. Hicks, B. Buxton, M. Morara, T. Wilk, and R. Copley.
EPA 540-R-07-007, 103 pp, 2004
The demonstration to evaluate the technical and cost performance of the bioremediation technologies when applied to a TCE DNAPL source zone began in June 2002 and ended in February 2003. Sequential application of biostimulation (ethanol as electron donor) and bioaugmentation (the KB-1 consortium) was evaluated in the same small test plot beneath a building. The treatments significantly decreased total TCE and DNAPL mass in the target treatment zone.
Development of Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRB) Using Edible Oils
R.C. Borden.
SERDP Project ER-1205, 159 pp, 2008
A detailed field pilot test was conducted to evaluate the use of an emulsified oil biobarrier to enhance the in situ anaerobic biodegradation of perchlorate and chlorinated solvents in groundwater. The biobarrier was installed by injecting 380 L of commercially available soybean oil-in-water emulsion through 10 direct-push injection wells over a 2-day period. Field monitoring results over a 2.5 year period following emulsion injection indicates the oil injection generated strongly reducing conditions in the oil-treated zone with depletion of dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and sulfate, and increases in dissolved iron, manganese, and methane. Perchlorate at 3,100 to 20,000 µg/L was degraded to below detection (<4 µg/L) in the injection and nearby monitor wells within 5 days of injection. Two years after the single emulsion injection, perchlorate was less than 6 µg/L in every downgradient well compared to an average upgradient concentration of 13,100 µg/L. Emulsion injection stimulated reductive dechlorination of 1,1,1-TCA, PCE, and TCE during groundwater migration through the biobarrier but did not reduce them to target treatment levels.
Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation Using CAP18™ as a Polishing Application for CVOC-Impacted Groundwater
W. McClendon, M. Hildebrandt, J. Shimp, B. Bigelow, and J. Hesemann. In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation 2009: Proceedings of the 10th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, 5-8 May, Baltimore, Maryland. Battelle Press, ISBN: 9780981973012, 2009
In 2006, a pilot study was conducted at Fort Riley, Kansas, at a former drycleaning facility to determine if PCE contamination in groundwater could be treated in situ using enhanced anaerobic bioremediation (EAB) to accelerate biodegradation of chlorinated compounds to levels below the cleanup criteria, and to serve as a final-stage remedial polishing agent to decrease the overall monitoring timeframe and cost. CAP18™, a non-emulsified (or neat) vegetable oil product was applied through direct-push rods at 2- to 3-ft depth intervals at 73 locations spaced on 18-ft centers in a treatment area ~75 ft by 230 ft. Performance monitoring data show very positive trends in key parameters (VOC concentrations, DO, ORP, and methane), indicating that an enhanced reducing environment has been established.
Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation. Innovative Technology Summary Report
2002. U.S. DOE, Office of Environmental Management. DOE/EM-0624, 29 pp.
This report covers a 1999-2000 demonstration to treat the source area of a TCE plume in the ground water at the Test Area North site of DOE’s Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL).
Enhanced In-Situ Anaerobic Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents at LF-08, Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable Cost and Performance Database, 2007
Field Evaluation Report of Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation (ISB), Test Area North (TAN) Operable Unit (OU) 1-07B
2000. Sorenson, K.S.; J.P. Martin; H. Bullock Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID; Report No: INEEL/EXT-2000-00258, Rev. 0, 149 pp.
Final Evaluation of Performance and Costs Associated with Anaerobic Dechlorination Techniques, Phase I Site Survey, Revision 02
2002. Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), 135 pp.
Final Report for the Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation Pilot Test, Bountiful/Woods Cross Superfund Site, Bountiful, Utah
Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO. 66 pp, 2006
This biostimulation/bioaugmentation pilot study to address TCE contamination involved a side-by-side comparison in 3 test cells of 3 different bioremediation substrates: sodium lactate, chitin, and emulsified soybean oil. Following the first round of substrate injection and sampling, all 3 test cells were inoculated with a commercially available dechlorinating culture containing Dehalococcoides ethenogenes. Based on the results of the pilot test, full-scale enhanced anaerobic bioremediation was selected for the site's 2006 Record of Decision. Emulsified oil is recommended as the electron donor.
Fluidized-Bed Adsorption Bioreactor for the Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with Solvents at Fluidized-bed Adsorption Bioreactor for Groundwater Contaminated with Solvents at Low Concentration
1999. Paul H. Miyares; Cynthia V. Teeter; C. James Martel. CRREL Special Report 99-1, 20 pp.
A fluidized bed adsorption bioreactor was examined in a pilot study for its efficacy in treating ground water contaminated with TCE at low concentrations.
Focused Engineering Evaluation/Cost Analysis, Groundwater Plumes Interim Corrective Measure, Former Air Force Plant PJKS, Waterton Canyon, Colorado. Revision 1
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District, 52 pp, 2005.
In 2003 at PJKS, a bedrock pilot study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of in situ anaerobic biodegradation of TCE and NDMA in bedrock source areas by the introduction of sodium lactate.
Groundwater Remediation Using Enhanced Anaerobic Bioremediation
American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE), 2009 E3 Small Projects Grand Prize.
For the development of a unique groundwater cleanup solution, AAEE honored CDM with a 2009 Excellence in Environmental Engineering award in the small projects category. CDM worked with Rockwell Automation to remediate groundwater contamination at a 9-acre site in Orlando, Florida, that previously housed a computer circuit-board manufacturing facility. During facility operations, chlorinated solvents were released to the groundwater. The contamination (i.e., 2,000,000 ppb methylene chloride) was addressed with enhanced anaerobic bioremediation (EAB) in conjunction with a unique groundwater recirculation technique. CDM pilot-tested and demonstrated the effectiveness of EAB using potassium lactate in a system of horizontal recovery and vertical injection wells designed to introduce the lactate into the groundwater and recirculate the groundwater to ensure continual mixing of lactate, bacteria, and contaminants. The well system also exerted hydraulic control, preventing contaminant migration off site. Full-scale operation began in December 2007, and within 6 months, volatile organic compound mass fell by >90%. Remediation of the methylene chloride in the targeted area has been completed, with no contaminant rebound observed.
Impact of Landfill Closure Designs on Long-Term Natural Attenuation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: ESTCP Cost and Performance Report
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Project ER-0019, 47 pp, 2008
A 24-month pilot-scale field demonstration of a recirculation bioreactor at Landfill 3, Altus AFB, OK, was undertaken to show that a combination of organic material addition and accelerated leaching can rapidly reduce source area concentrations of CAHs (TCE) in groundwater at unlined, closed landfills. A 30-ft x 30-ft x 11-ft-deep portion of the landfill near the suspected TCE source area was excavated and backfilled with a mixture of mulch and sand. A groundwater extraction trench was excavated into the shallow aquifer downgradient of the reactor cell and backfilled with gravel. Groundwater from the trench was extracted and distributed within the bioreactor cell using a drip irrigation system. The bioreactor removal efficiencies for TCE and total chlorinated ethenes from recirculated groundwater ranged from 97 to 100% and 76 to 96%, respectively. Because of a continuing TCE source upgradient of the bioreactor and the accumulation of daughter products in the aquifer beneath and adjacent to the bioreactor, the objective of reducing CAH concentrations by 90% was not achieved. The cost analysis indicates that because the mulch bioreactor technology has the potential for high costs to be incurred, depending on the size of the source area and the type of waste encountered, this treatment approach may be appropriate for well-defined, small, isolated source areas marked by shallow groundwater but not for large landfills with multiple source areas.
In Situ Bioremediation Technologies: Experiences in the Netherlands and Future European Challenges
A. Langenhoff.
EuroDemo, 21 pp, 2007
The author discusses five different approaches to in situ bioremediation: bioventing, biosparging, bioaugmentation, monitored natural attenuation, and enhanced bioremediation/enhanced natural attenuation. Four brief case studies describe implementation of enhanced bioremediation/enhanced natural attenuation at sites in the Netherlands. The cases cover reductive dechlorination of PCE, cis-DCE, and HCH, respectively, plus anaerobic oxidation of BTEX.
In Situ Bioremediation for the Hanford Carbon Tetrachloride Plume: Innovative Technology Summary Report
1999. DOE/EM-0418, 22 pp.
In situ bioremediation (ISB) of the Hanford carbon tetrachloride plume treats ground water contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrates under anaerobic conditions. ISB involves the injection of nutrients into the ground water with subsequent extraction and re-injection of the ground water to provide nutrient distribution in the aquifer. Developed by Battelle's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the technology relies on indigenous microorganisms and a computer-based Accelerated Bioremediation Design Tool (ABDT). The report is also available to view or download through the DOE Information Bridge.
In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene DNAPL Source Zones: Case Studies
2007
This report was published by the Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC). As part of its strategic approach, the ITRC BioDNAPL's Team determined that an independent evaluation of the status of bioremediation was needed, that review of a .data rich. set of case studies would be the best evaluation approach, and that a forum would be an appropriate setting for the process. The team gathered and evaluated a number of proposed case studies and selected a group of six that would demonstrate bioremediation of DNAPLs in a wide range of conditions. The selected case studies can be classified as demonstrations, pilot-scale tests, those in design, and full-scale cleanups.
In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethenes Using Liquid Atomized Injection
B.J. Lazar and N.M. Rabah.
In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation 2009: Proceedings of the 10th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, 5-8 May, Baltimore, Maryland. Battelle Press, ISBN: 9780981973012, 8 pp, 2009
Liquid atomized injection (LAI) was used to optimize amendment delivery and increase the extent of influence for enhanced in situ bioremediation of a source zone within a shallow unconfined aquifer contaminated with PCE, TCE, and c-DCE at an industrial site in Middlesex County, NJ. A field pilot test was designed and implemented for comparative evaluation of the spatial distribution of EHC(r), a patented combination of controlled-release carbon and zero-valent iron, via conventional hydraulic injection and enhanced injection with LAI. Six hydraulic and four LAI injection points were used to inject 8,500 pounds of EHC® as a 30% slurry over 2,400 square ft of source zone area. Amendment delivery was optimized through the use of LAI, and initial post-injection results demonstrate multiple lines of evidence for the biological reduction of chlorinated ethenes at this site. Longer-term post-injection groundwater monitoring results are presented with implications for optimizing full-scale design and implementation.
In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent Source Areas with Enhanced Mass Transfer
T. Macbeth, and K. Sorenson.
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Project ER-0218, 396 pp, 2008
A demonstration of enhanced mass transfer of chloroethenes from DNAPL to groundwater during in situ bioremediation of TCE was conducted at the Fort Lewis Logistics Center East Gate Disposal Yard (EGDY) using the Bioavailability Enhancement Technology™, or B.E.T.(tm). For the first time at the field scale, this demonstration provided rigorous documentation of the electron donor (whey) concentration-dependence of enhanced mass transfer of chlorinated solvents in a source area. In 2 hydraulically isolated treatment cells, each consisting of a network of monitoring wells, an injection well, and an extraction well, anaerobic reductive dechlorination occurred concurrently with enhanced mass transfer and resulted in rapid source strength reduction. The rapid effect on downgradient contaminant flux observed at the Ft. Lewis site might be a best-case scenario owing to the high ambient groundwater flow rates.
In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvent with Natural Gas
Rabold, D.E., Westinghouse Savannah River Co., Aiken, SC WSRC-MS-95-0303, NTIS: DE96002956, 10 pp, 1996
A bioremediation system for the removal of chlorinated solvents from ground water and sediments is described. The system involves the in situ injection of natural gas as a microbial nutrient through an innovative configuration of horizontal wells. The document is available to view or download through the DOE Information Bridge.
In-Situ Substrate Addition to Create Reactive Zones for Treatment of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: ESTCP Cost and Performance Report
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), Project ER-9920, 93 pp, 2007
In-Situ Substrate Addition to Create Reactive Zones for Treatment of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Hanscom Air Force Base
C.C. Lutes, V. D'Amato, A. Frizzell, M. Hansen, G. Gordon, P. Palmer, and S. Suthersan.
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), 431 pp, 2003.
The active treatment phase of the demonstration took place from October 2000 to October 2002, during which time 47 injections conducted in a single injection well delivered 1,250 gallons of raw blackstrap molasses, 11,250 gallons of dilution water, 7,575 gallons of push water, and 4,732 grams of potassium bromide. Monitoring was conducted during the demonstration to gauge technology effectiveness, describe changes in biogeochemical conditions, and gather process monitoring feedback.
In-Situ Substrate Addition to Create Reactive Zones for Treatment of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Vandenberg Air Force Base
C.C. Lutes, A. Frizzell, B. Molnaa, and P. Palmer.
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP). 335 pp, 2004.
This report documents an evaluation of the efficacy of the In-Situ Reactive Zone/Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination (IRZ/ERD) technology in removing TCE from impacted ground water in a range of geologic conditions and TCE concentrations. Active molasses-based treatment from February 2001 to April 2003 provided an opportunity to evaluate IRZ at a site that was initially highly aerobic, with minimal evidence of natural attenuation of TCE.
Progress Report and Technical Evaluation of the ISCR Pilot Test Conducted at the Former CCC/USDA Grain Storage Facility in Centralia, Kansas
L.M. LaFreniere.
ANL/EVS/AGEM/TR-08-18, 462 pp, 2009
A short-term field-scale pilot test of EHC(r) (Adventus Americas, Inc., Freeport, IL) was conducted in a spot showing high carbon tetrachloride concentrations in both the vadose and saturated zones. Injection of the material (food-grade organic carbon and zero-valent iron as a slurry) was performed from November 26-December 5, 2007. This report documents and provides a technical evaluation of the results, recommendations, and costs of the in situ chemical reduction pilot test as of September 2008.
Protocol for In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Using Edible Oil
2007
The addition of pure liquid edible oil and edible oil emulsions, referred to as the edible oil process, has been used to stimulate the in situ anaerobic biodegradation of chlorinated solvents and related contaminants at commercial, industrial and military sites throughout the United States. The protocol presented in this document is intended to assist base managers and project engineers in 1) determining if the edible oil process is appropriate for their site; 2) designing and implementing an edible oil engineered system; and 3) evaluating and optimizing remedial performance over time. This protocol also provides background information on the development and scientific basis of this technology.
Pump and Treat and In Situ Bioremediation of Contaminated Groundwater at the French Ltd. Superfund Site, Crosby, Texas: Cost and Performance Report
1998. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. 16 pp.
Push-Pull Tests for Evaluating the Aerobic Cometabolism of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: ESTCP Cost and Performance Report
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program, NTIS: ADA468544, 46 pp, 2006
Single-well push/pull test methods were demonstrated at Fort Lewis Logistics Center (using toluene as a cometabolic growth substrate) and McClellan AFB (during cometabolic air sparging with propane as a growth substrate) to determine (1) the transport characteristics of nutrients, substrates, and CAHs and their transformation products; (2) the capability of indigenous microorganisms to utilize selected substrates and transform targeted contaminants and surrogate compounds; (3) the rates of substrate utilization and contaminant transformation; and (4) the combinations of injected nutrients and substrates that maximize rates of contaminant transformation.
RCRA Showcase Pilot, Region 9: Romic Environmental Technologies Corporation, East Palo Alto, CA
2001. U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste, RCRA Corrective Action Hazardous Waste Cleanup Program, 3 pp.
Soil Vapor Extraction at the Seymour Recycling Corporation Superfund Site, Seymour, Indiana: Cost and Performance Report
1998. Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. 17 pp.
Substrate Flood-Injection Approach to Treat the Source Area of a Thin Discontinuous Aquifer
D. Springer, A. Atta, and J. Eberharter.
In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation 2009: Proceedings of the 10th International In Situ and On-Site Bioremediation Symposium, 5-8 May, Baltimore, Maryland. Battelle Press, ISBN: 9780981973012, 2009
An in situ groundwater remedial program is ongoing in the contaminant source area located beneath a currently inactive Titan missile launch complex, Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E), at Vandenberg Air Force Base, CA. TCE and ammonium perchlorate (2,500 and 900 ug/L, respectively) both source a contaminant plume extending over 1 mile from the launch pad. A groundwater pilot test at SLC-4E featured injections of an amended sodium lactate solution with bromide tracer followed by microbial inoculation, with documented destruction of perchlorate and sequential dechlorination of TCE and daughter products to ethene within 4 to 6 months. In a subsequent full-scale interim removal action, wells were installed in the limited accessible areas overlying the groundwater source area, with planned injection and monitoring well pairs generally spaced 30 to 60 ft apart. Dilute batches of amended soluble sodium lactate solution were mixed on site and gravity-fed through manifolds into the injection wells. The use of the bromide tracer emerged as a cost-effective laboratory analytical means of establishing the success of substrate migration between well pairs. Sequencing soluble substrate injections over a 1-year period enabled a pulsing of substrate addition, which served to maintain the geochemical changes and expand the reactive zone successively over time.
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation Demonstration Bulletin: Enhanced In-Situ Bioremediation Process, Earth Tech, Inc.
2000. Report No: EPA 540-MR-0-504. 3 pp.
Use of Bioremediation at Superfund Sites
EPA 542-R-01-019, 2001
This report focuses on the use of enhanced bioremediation technologies at 104 Superfund remedial action sites and other contaminated sites. It provides a snapshot of current applications of bioremediation and presents trends over time concerning selection and use of the technology, contaminants and site types treated by the technology, and cost and performance of the technology.
Workplan for Enhanced In-Situ Bioremediation Pilot Test for Former Intel Facility, 365 Middlefield Road, Mountain View, California
Weiss Associates. Northeast Mountain View Advisory Council, 240 pp, 2005
In a feasibility study that investigated the remediation potential of in situ bioremediation with Hydrogen Release Compound (HRC), in situ bioremediation with Newman Zone emulsified edible oil, in situ chemical oxidation using permanganate, expansion of the existing ground water extraction and treatment system, and excavation of impacted saturated soils, in situ bioremediation with emulsified oil was identified as the most appropriate remedial option for reducing chlorinated hydrocarbons in the ground water of the Intel facility site.
Zenon Environmental Inc.: Zenogem® Biological and Ultrafiltration Technology. Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
1999. Tetra Tech EM, Inc., for U.S. EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, Report No: EPA 540-R-95-503, 103 pp.
