Electrokinetics: Electric Current Technologies
Application
Electrically Induced Redox Barriers for Treatment of Groundwater
T. Sale, M. Petersen, and D. Gilbert.
Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP), CU-0112, NTIS: ADA438421, 187 pp, 2005
Closely spaced permeable electrodes can be installed through a ground-water contaminant plume in the format of a permeable reactive barrier, called an e-barrier. An e-barrier was installed at F.E. Warren Air Force Base in August 2002 in the path of a shallow alluvial TCE plume. This report documents results from a three-year collaboration between ESTCP and Colorado State University on the development and testing of this innovative electrolytic approach for managing redox-sensitive contaminants in ground water. According to the Final Report Addendum (2008)
, the initial project was completed in March 2005, and two additional studies were conducted: screening of titanium-mixed metal oxide electrodes for e-barriers (2003-2005) and extended operation of the e-barrier field demonstration for TCE remediation at F.E. Warren AFB (2004-2006).
ElectroChemical Remediation Technologies (ECRTS): In Situ Remediation of Contaminated Marine Sediments. Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
U.S. EPA, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH.
EPA 540-R-04-507, 74 pp, 2007
Describes a demonstration of the ElectroChemical Remediation Technologies (ECRTs) process conducted between August 2002 and March 2003 at the Log Pond at Georgia Pacific, Inc., in Bellingham, WA. The demonstration was designed to evaluate the ability of the ECRTs process to reduce concentrations of mercury, PAHs, and phenols in sediments. The system did not perform as well as anticipated, due in part to system operational problems encountered during the course of the demonstration.
Electrochemical Remediation Technologies (ECRTS) Site Demonstration Bulletin
2004. U.S. EPA, Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) Program. EPA 540-MR-04-507, 2 pp.
Electrochemical Treatment of Alkaline Nuclear Waste. Innovative Technology Summary Report
2001. U.S. DOE, Office of Science and Technology. DOE/EM-0560, 21 pp.
Electrokinetic Demonstration at the Unlined Chromic Acid Pit
1998. E.R. Lindgren, et al., Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM. SAND-97-2592, 158 pp.
This report details an electrokinetic remediation field demonstration of a chromium plume beneath the SNL Chemical Waste Landfill.
Electrokinetic Extraction at the Unlined Chromic Acid Pit, Sandia National Laboratories, New Mexico. Cost and Performance Report
2000. U.S. EPA, 11 pp.
Electrokinetic Ferric Iron Remediation and Stabilisation (FIRS) of Hexavalent Chromium Contaminated Soils: An Ex Situ Field Scale Demonstration
L. Hopkinson, A. Cundy, and R. Pollock.
CL:AIRE: Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments, Research Bulletin 9 (RB 9), 6 pp, 2009
A novel, low-energy, natural analog-based electrokinetic system called FIRS (ferric iron remediation and stabilization) applies a low-magnitude direct electric potential between two or more sacrificial iron-rich electrodes placed at opposing sides of a mass of contaminated soil or sediment. The electric potential generates a strong Eh/pH gradient between the two electrodes, promotes anodic dissolution, Fe(0) and Fe(2+)(aq) migration, and forces the precipitation of ferric iron oxyhydroxides, hematite, goethite, magnetite, and ZVI at near-neutral pH values at the interface of the anodic and cathodic domains. The system uses approximately one tenth of the energy requirements of most conventional electrokinetic systems. In the feasibility trial, FIRS achieved significant reduction of hexavalent chromium in the target soils and performed at least as well as in the bench-scale studies. The system currently is being developed for field-scale application to heavy-metal contaminated soils and wastes in the UK in partnership with Churngold Remediation Ltd. The bulletin is available without charge on the CL:AIRE Web site to registered users (also free).
Electrokinetic Remediation at Alameda Point, Alameda, California. Cost and Performance Report [A Demonstration of Electrokinetic Remediation]
2000. NFESC, Port Hueneme, CA. TDS-2084-ENV, 2 pp.
Electrokinetics at an Active Power Substation (Confidential Location). Cost and Performance Report
2000. U.S. EPA, 6 pp.
Electrokinetics at Site 5, Naval Air Weapons Station Point Mugu, California. Cost and Performance Report
2000. U.S. EPA, 16 pp.
FIRS (Ferric Iron Remediation and Stabilisation): a Novel Electrokinetic Technique for Soil Remediation and Engineering
2003. CL:AIRE (Contaminated Land: Applications in Real Environments), London, UK. RB2, 4 pp.
Final Remedial Action Report for Lasagna™ Phase IIb: In-Situ Remediation of Solid Waste Management Unit 91 at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Paducah, Kentucky
2002. U.S. DOE. DOE/OR/07-2037&D1, 80 pp.
Lasagna™ incorporates hydrofracturing, zero-valent iron, electroosmosis via application of direct current, and biodegradation. This patented technology was developed by an industrial consortium consisting of Monsanto, General Electric, and DuPont.
Sandia National Laboratories in Situ Electrokinetic Extraction Technology. Innovative Technology Evaluation Report
1999. Tetra Tech EM, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. EPA 540-R-97-509, 72 pp.
Technical Report: Electrochemical Geooxidation Demonstration Project, E-1 Area, Kelly Air Force Base, San Antonio, Texas
2000. ManTech Environmental Corp., Chantilly, VA. NTIS: ADA391050, 122 pp.
Technology Status Report: In-Situ Electrokinetic Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soils
2000. U.S. Army Environmental Center. SFIM-AEC-ET-CR-99022, 30 pp.
