For more information on Thermal Treatment - In Situ, please contact:
Jim CummingsTechnology Assessment Branch
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Thermal Treatment: In Situ
Guidance
Analysis of Selected Enhancements for Soil Vapor Extraction
EPA 542-R-97-007, 246 pp, 1997.
This report provides an engineering analysis of, and status report on, selected enhancements for the following soil vapor extraction (SVE) treatment technologies: air sparging, dual-phase extraction, directional drilling, pneumatic and hydraulic fracturing, and thermal enhancement. It also offers an evaluation of each technology's applicability to various site conditions, cost and performance information, a list of vendors specializing in the technologies, a discussion of relative strengths and limitations of the technologies, recommendations to keep in mind when considering the enhancements, and extensive references.
Contaminants in the Subsurface: Source Zone Assessment and Remediation
National Research Council, Committee on Source Removal of Contaminants in the Subsurface. National Academies Press, Washington, DC. ISBN: 030909447X, 383 pp, 2004.
After discussing the definition of 'source zone' and the characterization thereof, this report reviews the suite of technologies (including steam flushing, conductive heating, and electrical resistance heating) available for source remediation and their ability to reach a variety of cleanup goals, from meeting regulatory standards for ground water to reducing costs. The report proposes elements of a protocol for accomplishing source remediation that should enable project managers to decide whether and how to pursue source remediation at a site.
Critical Evaluation of State-of-the-Art In Situ Thermal Treatment Technologies for DNAPL Source Zone Treatment
J.T. Kingston, P.R. Dahlen, P.C. Johnson, E. Foote, and S. Williams.
ESTCP Project ER-0314, 1,272 pp, 2010
The performance of thermal technologies for DNAPL source zone remediation was assessed with particular emphasis on post-treatment groundwater quality and mass discharge (i.e., mass flux). Documents from 182 applications were collected and reviewed—87 electrical resistance heating, 46 steam-based heating, 26 conductive heating, and 23 other heating technology applications—conducted between 1988 and 2007, with attention to the site geologic settings, chemicals treated, design parameters, operating conditions, and performance metrics. The results of the study are summarized in a set of spreadsheet-based summary tables linking this information to five generalized geologic scenarios. The Summary Tables identify generalized scenarios that can be used to anticipate the likely performance of thermal-based DNAPL treatment technologies at a site. Another product of this work, 'State-of-the-Practice Overview of the Use of In Situ Thermal Technologies for NAPL Source Zone Cleanup,' condenses the 1,000-plus pages of this report into an 86-page primer prepared for a program manager audience. State-of-the-Practice Overview
The DNAPL Remediation Challenge: Is There a Case for Source Depletion?
Expert Panel on DNAPL Remediation.
EPA 600-R-03-143, 129 pp, 2003
Design: In Situ Thermal Remediation
U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers.
EM 1110-1-4015, 226 pp, 2009
This document provides guidance and background for the appropriate screening and selection of the following technologies: steam-enhanced extraction, electrical resistivity heating, and thermal conductive heating.
Feasibility Study: Preliminary Documented Safety Analysis for In Situ Thermal Desorption in the Subsurface Disposal Area
D.G. Abbott, Idaho Completion Project, Idaho Falls.
INEEL/EXT-03-00962, 50 pp, 2003
In-Situ Thermal Treatment of Contaminated Soils and Groundwater
U.S. EPA, Environmental Response Team.
Videorecording (23 min.), 2002.
Three thermal methods for cleaning DNAPL-contaminated soils are discussed. Each heats the soils, contaminants, and groundwater and then removes the mobilized contaminants.
Innovative Site Remediation Technologies Design and Application, Volume 6: Thermal Destruction
F.W. Holm, C.R. Cooley, J.J. Cudahy, C.R. Dempsey, J.P. Longwell, R.S. Magee, and W.G. May. American Academy of Environmental Engineers. Annapolis, MD. ISBN: 1-883767-22-9, 182 pp, 1998. [EPA 542-B-97-009]
Issue Paper: How Heat Can Enhance In Situ Soil and Aquifer Remediation
Eva L. Davis.
EPA 540-S-97-502, 18 pp, 1997.
This issue paper contains in-depth information on the properties of some common organic contaminants that affect their movement in and recovery from the subsurface, as well as information on how these properties are affected by temperature.
Soil Vapor Extraction Using Radio Frequency Heating: Resource Manual and Technology Demonstration
D.F. Lowe, C.L. Oubre, and C.H. Ward.
CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, FL. ISBN: 1566704642, 1999.
Addresses measurement procedures, engineering design, costs and economic analyses, and potential applications.
Steam Injection for Soil and Aquifer Remediation. Ground Water Issue
Eva L. Davis.
EPA 540-S-97-505, 16 pp, 1998.
Strategies for Monitoring the Performance of DNAPL Source Zone Remedies
Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids Team. DNAPLs-5, 206 pp., Aug 2004.
This document presents ways in which success or failure in treating a DNAPL source zone has been measured.
