WEBVTT NOTE duration:"00:24:24" NOTE recognizability:0.832 NOTE language:en-us NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:08.780 --> 00:00:10.481 Hello, this is Brad Cross from ER NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:10.481 --> 00:00:12.979 and I'm here today to talk to you NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:12.979 --> 00:00:14.351 about nuclear magnetic resonance NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:14.351 --> 00:00:16.157 geophysical investigations for improved NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:16.157 --> 00:00:18.029 conceptual site model development. NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:18.030 --> 00:00:20.270 I'd like to begin by saying that NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:20.270 --> 00:00:21.978 nuclear magnetic resonance refers to NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:21.978 --> 00:00:24.030 the response of hydrogen nuclei to NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:24.030 --> 00:00:26.035 introduce magnetic fields and does not NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:26.035 --> 00:00:27.925 involve the use of radioactive isotope NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:27.930 --> 00:00:30.562 sources such as those used in other NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:30.562 --> 00:00:32.569 geophysical methods like neutron logs. NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:32.570 --> 00:00:34.495 The NMR technology is very similar to NOTE Confidence: 0.867695437777778 00:00:34.495 --> 00:00:36.976 that used in medical imaging known as MRI. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:40.630 --> 00:00:42.724 As an overview, site investigations include NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:42.724 --> 00:00:44.749 the development of conceptual site models, NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:44.750 --> 00:00:46.857 which are tools that help us integrate NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:46.857 --> 00:00:49.128 multiple sources of data in order to NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:49.128 --> 00:00:50.763 understand the relationship between sources NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:50.763 --> 00:00:53.269 of contamination and the ultimate fate of NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:53.269 --> 00:00:55.097 that contamination within the environment. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:55.097 --> 00:00:57.946 The problem we face is that conceptual NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:57.946 --> 00:00:59.826 site models are, by definition, NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:00:59.826 --> 00:01:01.666 simplifications of the real world, NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:01.670 --> 00:01:03.511 and in many cases involve the use NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:03.511 --> 00:01:05.140 of averaging and other simplifying NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:05.140 --> 00:01:07.090 assumptions that can introduce significant NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:07.090 --> 00:01:09.500 errors in our understanding of the NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:09.500 --> 00:01:11.475 contaminant transport and fate process. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:11.480 --> 00:01:13.580 These errors are largely associated NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:13.580 --> 00:01:15.260 with heterogeneity that exists NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:15.260 --> 00:01:17.235 within the geologic framework that NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:17.235 --> 00:01:19.479 ultimately controls the flux of mass. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:19.480 --> 00:01:21.778 The solution is to develop improved NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:21.778 --> 00:01:23.744 conceptual site models using tools NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:23.744 --> 00:01:25.970 that help resolve and understand the NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:25.970 --> 00:01:28.422 true aquifer fabric and the multidomain NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:28.422 --> 00:01:30.122 groundwater flux and groundwater NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:30.122 --> 00:01:32.072 storage systems on this side. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:32.072 --> 00:01:33.080 On this slide, NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:33.080 --> 00:01:36.216 there is a table that highlights the typical NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:36.216 --> 00:01:38.099 heterogeneities present within an aquifer. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:38.100 --> 00:01:39.264 For the most part, NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:39.264 --> 00:01:41.010 aquifers can be described in terms NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:41.073 --> 00:01:42.778 of three separate flow domains. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:42.780 --> 00:01:44.484 The first domain is represented by NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:44.484 --> 00:01:46.185 Sands and gravels with relatively NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:46.185 --> 00:01:47.718 high hydraulic connectivities. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:47.720 --> 00:01:49.960 This domain is identified as the mobile NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:49.960 --> 00:01:52.380 or free fluid portion of the aquifer, NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:52.380 --> 00:01:54.264 and it contributes as much as NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:54.264 --> 00:01:57.008 90% of the groundwater flow. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:57.010 --> 00:01:59.085 The primary flux mechanism within NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:01:59.085 --> 00:02:01.160 the mobile domain is advection NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:01.228 --> 00:02:03.108 and to some point dispersion. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:03.110 --> 00:02:05.144 The second domain is represented by NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:05.144 --> 00:02:07.807 silty and clay fine sands with low NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:07.807 --> 00:02:09.459 to moderate hydraulic connectivities NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:09.459 --> 00:02:11.859 and water bound within the smaller NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:11.859 --> 00:02:13.679 pore spaces or poor throats NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:13.679 --> 00:02:14.908 by capillary pressures. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:14.908 --> 00:02:17.398 This domain is generally contributing NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:17.398 --> 00:02:20.050 up to about 10% of groundwater NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:20.050 --> 00:02:21.370 flow within the aquifer, NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:21.370 --> 00:02:23.902 and the primary mass flux mechanism NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:23.902 --> 00:02:26.237 is diffusion with some advection NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:26.237 --> 00:02:29.087 when aquifer stresses are introduced. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:29.090 --> 00:02:31.040 The third domain is represented by NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:31.040 --> 00:02:33.549 clays and silk with very low hydraulic NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:33.549 --> 00:02:35.449 conductivity and water bound within NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:35.449 --> 00:02:38.020 the clay minerals or tiny pore spaces. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:38.020 --> 00:02:39.934 The flow contribution to the aquifer NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:39.934 --> 00:02:41.873 within this domain is generally less NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:41.873 --> 00:02:44.755 than 1% and the primary mass flux NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:44.755 --> 00:02:46.575 mechanism is through diffusion. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:46.580 --> 00:02:48.185 The capillary and claibourne water NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:48.185 --> 00:02:49.790 domains are often described as NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:49.841 --> 00:02:50.780 mass storage zones. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:50.780 --> 00:02:53.048 Since early on mass will diffuse NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:53.048 --> 00:02:55.421 into those materials but then slowly NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:55.421 --> 00:02:57.803 back diffuse into the mobile domain. NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:02:57.810 --> 00:03:00.300 As advective processes flush out NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:03:00.300 --> 00:03:02.790 the aquifer of contaminant mass, NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:03:02.790 --> 00:03:04.626 a full understanding of mass flux NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:03:04.626 --> 00:03:06.569 and mass storage in domains within NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:03:06.569 --> 00:03:08.543 the aquifer of interest is critical NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:03:08.543 --> 00:03:10.980 in the design of efficient and NOTE Confidence: 0.897820640833333 00:03:10.980 --> 00:03:12.267 effective remedial programs. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:15.420 --> 00:03:16.400 In the past 20 years, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:16.400 --> 00:03:18.578 a number of high resolution site NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:18.578 --> 00:03:20.030 characterization tools have been NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:20.093 --> 00:03:22.048 introduced that assist in developing NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:22.048 --> 00:03:24.003 a better understanding of aquifer NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:24.067 --> 00:03:25.655 heterogeneities and the distribution NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:25.655 --> 00:03:28.037 of mass within the aquifer fabric. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:28.040 --> 00:03:30.280 These include direct push technologies NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:30.280 --> 00:03:32.520 such as electrical conductivity probes, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:32.520 --> 00:03:34.080 cone penetrometer testing, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:34.080 --> 00:03:36.160 optical and acoustic televiewers, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:36.160 --> 00:03:38.800 flow meters, hydraulic profiling tools, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:38.800 --> 00:03:41.530 membrane interface interface probes and laser NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:41.530 --> 00:03:44.078 induced fluorescent probes to name a few. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:44.080 --> 00:03:45.664 In addition, more traditional. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:45.664 --> 00:03:46.852 Whole geophysic geophysical NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:46.852 --> 00:03:48.630 methods are also available. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:48.630 --> 00:03:50.560 However there are both access NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:50.560 --> 00:03:52.490 and depth limitations for all NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:52.560 --> 00:03:54.590 of these high resolution tools. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:54.590 --> 00:03:55.841 In recent years, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:55.841 --> 00:03:57.926 anamarija physical tools have been NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:03:57.926 --> 00:04:00.298 developed for near surface investigations NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:00.298 --> 00:04:02.743 in soil and bedrock environments. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:02.750 --> 00:04:05.305 Anna Margio physics provides quantitative NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:05.305 --> 00:04:07.349 characterization of specific aquifer NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:07.349 --> 00:04:09.684 properties that other high resolution NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:09.684 --> 00:04:11.884 site characterization tools can't provide. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:11.890 --> 00:04:13.570 These include direct quantification NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:13.570 --> 00:04:16.090 of water content and total porosity, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:16.090 --> 00:04:17.898 quantification of mobile versus NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:17.898 --> 00:04:20.610 capillary and clay bound water content, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:20.610 --> 00:04:23.760 and a robust estimation of pore size NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:23.760 --> 00:04:25.946 distribution based on those measurements. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:25.946 --> 00:04:28.116 Hydraulic connectivity can also be NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:28.116 --> 00:04:30.083 estimated using well established NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:30.083 --> 00:04:32.533 empirical algorithms developed by industry. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:32.540 --> 00:04:34.610 Recent pilot studies also suggest that NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:34.610 --> 00:04:37.283 NMR can be used to assess multiphase NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:37.283 --> 00:04:39.737 fluid saturations such as light non NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:39.737 --> 00:04:42.222 aqueous phase liquids or ill napples NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:42.222 --> 00:04:44.232 within a saturated aquifer system. NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:44.240 --> 00:04:46.606 One of the most advantageous features of NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:46.606 --> 00:04:49.677 NMR is that high resolution data can be NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:49.677 --> 00:04:52.120 required within existing PVC case wells, NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:52.120 --> 00:04:54.700 eliminating the need for additional NOTE Confidence: 0.859587204 00:04:54.700 --> 00:04:56.248 costly invasive investigations. NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:04:58.840 --> 00:05:00.612 Potential applications of NMR NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:00.612 --> 00:05:02.384 include high resolution conceptual NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:02.384 --> 00:05:04.840 site model development such as NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:04.840 --> 00:05:06.346 perched water characterization, NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:06.350 --> 00:05:08.398 identification of aquifer preferential NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:08.398 --> 00:05:11.506 pathways and storage zones, or volume NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:11.506 --> 00:05:14.146 estimation and mass flux estimation. NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:14.150 --> 00:05:16.838 You can also quantify changes in saturation NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:16.838 --> 00:05:18.620 and hydraulic properties over time, NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:18.620 --> 00:05:20.588 things like infiltration, NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:20.588 --> 00:05:22.556 dewatering and such. NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:22.560 --> 00:05:25.634 And. You can also, uh, NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:25.634 --> 00:05:27.949 do a better job of designing water NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:27.949 --> 00:05:30.144 supply or extraction wells and NOTE Confidence: 0.804040495625 00:05:30.144 --> 00:05:31.900 optimize how they're screened. NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:36.090 --> 00:05:37.422 As mentioned before, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:37.422 --> 00:05:40.086 NMR measures the effect of introduced NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:40.086 --> 00:05:42.926 magnetic fields on polar hydrogen molecules. NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:42.930 --> 00:05:44.490 The tool contains powerful magnets NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:44.490 --> 00:05:46.601 that create a magnetic field in the NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:46.601 --> 00:05:48.089 vicinity of the well or borehole, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:48.090 --> 00:05:50.235 causing the hydrogen molecules to NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:50.235 --> 00:05:52.380 align in an equilibrium position. NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:52.380 --> 00:05:54.880 A radiofrequency pulse is then NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:54.880 --> 00:05:57.380 introduced which excites the hydrogen NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:57.460 --> 00:05:59.890 molecules into a new orientation. NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:05:59.890 --> 00:06:01.130 Once the pulse is removed, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:01.130 --> 00:06:03.584 the hydrogen molecules will then realign NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:03.584 --> 00:06:05.820 with the initial equilibrium position. NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:05.820 --> 00:06:07.208 As a molecules realign, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:07.208 --> 00:06:09.669 they produce a signal which is detected NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:09.669 --> 00:06:12.450 by the NMR tool known as an ECHO train. NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:12.450 --> 00:06:14.410 Properties of fluids that affect NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:14.410 --> 00:06:16.370 ecotrans include the hydrogen index, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:16.370 --> 00:06:18.790 or density of hydrogen molecules, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:18.790 --> 00:06:22.090 the longitudinal relaxation time T1, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:22.090 --> 00:06:25.210 the transverse relaxation time T2, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:25.210 --> 00:06:26.032 and diffusivity, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:26.032 --> 00:06:28.909 which is the extent to which molecules NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:28.909 --> 00:06:31.689 can move at random within the fluids. NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:31.690 --> 00:06:34.054 Studies have shown that T2 relaxation NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:34.054 --> 00:06:36.349 time is proportional to poor size. NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:36.350 --> 00:06:38.252 Porosity and pore size can be NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:38.252 --> 00:06:39.520 used to estimate permeability NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:39.583 --> 00:06:40.928 and the free fluid index, NOTE Confidence: 0.836004622 00:06:40.930 --> 00:06:42.780 otherwise known as movable fluids. NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:06:45.490 --> 00:06:47.320 And a more directly measures the NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:06:47.320 --> 00:06:49.109 density of hydrogen nuclei in fluids, NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:06:49.110 --> 00:06:51.012 and since the density of hydrogen NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:06:51.012 --> 00:06:52.710 nuclei in water is known, NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:06:52.710 --> 00:06:55.328 data can be directly converted to an NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:06:55.328 --> 00:06:57.569 apparent field water filled porosity. NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:06:57.570 --> 00:06:59.250 The NMR signal can also be used NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:06:59.250 --> 00:07:00.752 to determine the presence and NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:07:00.752 --> 00:07:02.216 quantities of different fluids. NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:07:02.220 --> 00:07:03.072 On this slide, NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:07:03.072 --> 00:07:05.410 the NMR signal is shown relative to time. NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:07:05.410 --> 00:07:06.815 The amplitude of the signal NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:07:06.815 --> 00:07:08.220 is proportional to the total NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:07:08.280 --> 00:07:09.996 porosity and the decay rate of NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:07:09.996 --> 00:07:11.502 the signal is proportional to NOTE Confidence: 0.781042215833333 00:07:11.502 --> 00:07:12.710 the pore size distribution. NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:14.730 --> 00:07:18.125 T2 relaxation times increase with pore size. NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:18.130 --> 00:07:20.282 On this slide, you can see the different NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:20.282 --> 00:07:22.147 pore sizes and the T2 distribution NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:22.147 --> 00:07:24.049 and decay time associated with them. NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:24.050 --> 00:07:25.310 The larger the pore size, NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:25.310 --> 00:07:27.494 the longer it takes for the hydrogen molecule NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:27.494 --> 00:07:29.608 to relax into its equilibrium position. NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:29.610 --> 00:07:31.536 In reality, there's a mixture of NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:31.536 --> 00:07:33.210 pore sizes within geologic media. NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:33.210 --> 00:07:34.640 This results in what is NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:34.640 --> 00:07:36.070 called a composite ECHO train, NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:36.070 --> 00:07:37.735 which represents the full pore NOTE Confidence: 0.758537112857143 00:07:37.735 --> 00:07:39.400 size distribution of the medium. NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:41.410 --> 00:07:42.616 Using inverse modeling, NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:42.616 --> 00:07:44.626 composite ECHO trains are then NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:44.626 --> 00:07:46.830 converted into porosity distributions. NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:46.830 --> 00:07:49.224 The inverse modeling is based on NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:49.224 --> 00:07:50.421 substantial laboratory calibrations NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:50.421 --> 00:07:52.629 to various soil and rock matrices. NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:52.630 --> 00:07:54.208 In the example shown, the spin, NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:54.210 --> 00:07:56.245 echo, decay, and resulting 22 NOTE Confidence: 0.740048945 00:07:56.245 --> 00:07:58.280 distribution over time is shown. NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:02.470 --> 00:08:04.829 Looking at the T2 distribution more closely, NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:04.830 --> 00:08:07.438 we show a plot of T2 times in NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:07.438 --> 00:08:09.495 milliseconds on the X axis and NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:09.495 --> 00:08:11.930 relative water content on the Y axis. NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:11.930 --> 00:08:14.048 The blue curve represents the T2 NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:14.048 --> 00:08:16.344 distribution and the area under that NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:16.344 --> 00:08:18.389 curve represents the total porosity. NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:18.390 --> 00:08:20.203 T2 cut offs have been developed for NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:20.203 --> 00:08:21.710 different soil and rock matrices, NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:21.710 --> 00:08:23.230 which represents the boundaries NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:23.230 --> 00:08:24.370 between clay bound, NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:24.370 --> 00:08:27.050 capillary bound and mobile water. NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:27.050 --> 00:08:29.787 In unconsolidated soils such as shown here, NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:29.790 --> 00:08:31.632 the cutoff between clay and capillary NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:31.632 --> 00:08:33.660 bound water is 3 milliseconds. NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:33.660 --> 00:08:35.150 And the cutoff between capillary NOTE Confidence: 0.790687991428571 00:08:35.150 --> 00:08:37.410 and mobile water is 33 milliseconds. NOTE Confidence: 0.8469705855 00:08:40.470 --> 00:08:42.000 In this way, we can estimate NOTE Confidence: 0.8469705855 00:08:42.000 --> 00:08:43.364 the various fractions of total NOTE Confidence: 0.8469705855 00:08:43.364 --> 00:08:44.536 porosity represented by each NOTE Confidence: 0.8469705855 00:08:44.536 --> 00:08:46.001 of the three flux domains, NOTE Confidence: 0.8469705855 00:08:46.010 --> 00:08:47.536 and if we know the total porosity NOTE Confidence: 0.8469705855 00:08:47.536 --> 00:08:49.089 and the pore size distribution, NOTE Confidence: 0.8469705855 00:08:49.090 --> 00:08:51.106 we can estimate permeability NOTE Confidence: 0.8469705855 00:08:51.106 --> 00:08:52.618 or hydraulic conductivity. NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:08:55.670 --> 00:08:57.395 The NMR technology was initially NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:08:57.395 --> 00:09:00.139 developed decades ago for the oil and gas NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:00.139 --> 00:09:02.065 industry under a patent to Schlumberger. NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:02.070 --> 00:09:03.060 On the right of this slide, NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:03.060 --> 00:09:04.852 you can see a typical annamar tool NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:04.852 --> 00:09:06.800 used in oil and gas exploration. NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:06.800 --> 00:09:08.612 It becomes readily obvious that this NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:08.612 --> 00:09:10.883 tool would not be applicable to near NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:10.883 --> 00:09:13.228 surface investigation due to its size and NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:13.292 --> 00:09:15.530 associated logistics and cost to deploy. NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:15.530 --> 00:09:18.064 When patents for the NMR technology expired, NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:18.070 --> 00:09:19.786 new tools were developed that could NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:19.786 --> 00:09:21.668 be applied to shallow and smaller NOTE Confidence: 0.84111042631579 00:09:21.668 --> 00:09:23.040 diameter wells and boreholes. NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:25.730 --> 00:09:27.706 The primary components include NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:27.706 --> 00:09:29.682 the downhole probe containing NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:29.682 --> 00:09:31.906 permanent magnets and coils to NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:31.906 --> 00:09:33.846 transmit the radio frequency pulses, NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:33.850 --> 00:09:35.600 a surface station that controls NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:35.600 --> 00:09:37.000 the electronics and generates NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:37.000 --> 00:09:38.649 the radio frequency pulses, NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:38.650 --> 00:09:41.350 a winch and cable that connects to the tool, NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:41.350 --> 00:09:43.060 and a laptop computer that NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:43.060 --> 00:09:44.770 controls the software used for NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:44.830 --> 00:09:46.750 data acquisition and processing. NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:46.750 --> 00:09:48.420 The tool measures responses to NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:48.420 --> 00:09:50.799 the magnetic fields in one or more NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:50.799 --> 00:09:52.731 sensitive shells at various Radia from NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:52.731 --> 00:09:54.918 the tool outside the zone disturbed NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:54.918 --> 00:09:57.132 by the boring and well construction. NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:57.140 --> 00:09:58.160 As a result, NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:09:58.160 --> 00:10:00.200 it can be deployed in stable NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:10:00.200 --> 00:10:02.328 open boreholes or in nonmetallic NOTE Confidence: 0.868447869444444 00:10:02.328 --> 00:10:04.463 such as PVC cased wells. NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:08.130 --> 00:10:09.760 This slide shows a typical NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:09.760 --> 00:10:11.064 setup for data acquisition. NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:11.070 --> 00:10:12.305 In addition to the equipment NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:12.305 --> 00:10:13.540 described in the previous slide, NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:13.540 --> 00:10:14.992 the surface station is NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:14.992 --> 00:10:16.444 grounded to reduce noise. NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:16.450 --> 00:10:18.424 The tool cable extends over a ship NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:18.424 --> 00:10:20.298 wheel mounted on a tripod that is NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:20.298 --> 00:10:22.573 attached by a data cable to the surface NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:22.573 --> 00:10:24.468 station to accurately record depths. NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:24.470 --> 00:10:26.294 There is also a noise reference NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:26.294 --> 00:10:28.412 coil box to measure background noise NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:28.412 --> 00:10:30.920 frequencies for use in data processing. NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:30.920 --> 00:10:33.188 All of the equipment can fit in a small NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:33.188 --> 00:10:35.398 cargo van or box truck for mobilization. NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:35.400 --> 00:10:35.853 Alternatively, NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:35.853 --> 00:10:38.118 there's an increasing number of NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:38.118 --> 00:10:39.930 geophysical service providers who NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:39.990 --> 00:10:42.132 have purchased or can rent a downhole NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:42.132 --> 00:10:44.067 cable version of the tool for use, NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:44.070 --> 00:10:46.685 such as with other traditional NOTE Confidence: 0.841554931111111 00:10:46.685 --> 00:10:48.254 borehole geophysical methods. NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:10:51.070 --> 00:10:53.110 The table shown here shows the NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:10:53.110 --> 00:10:55.528 diversity of annamar tools and their NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:10:55.528 --> 00:10:57.516 specifications for various applications. NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:10:57.520 --> 00:11:00.052 Tool diameters range from 1.75 inches NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:00.052 --> 00:11:03.546 or a little over 4 1/2 or a little NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:03.546 --> 00:11:05.658 under 4 1/2 centimeters to 5.25 NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:05.658 --> 00:11:07.986 inches or just over 13 centimeters NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:07.986 --> 00:11:10.396 and are designed to fit in 2 inch, NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:10.400 --> 00:11:14.036 4 inch or 6 inch diameter wells or boreholes. NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:14.040 --> 00:11:16.677 The J P238 tool can also be used with NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:16.677 --> 00:11:19.600 a geoprobe systems direct push tool, NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:19.600 --> 00:11:21.358 and the DART is designed for NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:21.358 --> 00:11:22.943 shallow investigations that can be NOTE Confidence: 0.82552293375 00:11:22.943 --> 00:11:24.387 operated using handheld equipment. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:27.670 --> 00:11:28.354 Data processing. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:28.354 --> 00:11:30.064 Processing is performed on site NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:30.064 --> 00:11:31.916 in real time using processing NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:31.916 --> 00:11:33.836 software loaded onto the field. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:33.840 --> 00:11:35.200 Computer interpretation NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:35.200 --> 00:11:37.240 is very straightforward. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:37.240 --> 00:11:39.826 This slide shows NMR data collected NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:39.826 --> 00:11:41.119 in unconsolidated alluvium. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:41.120 --> 00:11:42.715 The vertical resolution is defined NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:42.715 --> 00:11:44.927 by the length of the coils and NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:44.927 --> 00:11:46.317 the probe and is generally NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:46.317 --> 00:11:48.259 about 1 1/2 feet or 1/2 meter. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:48.260 --> 00:11:50.240 This means that data is averaged NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:50.240 --> 00:11:53.265 over a 1.5 foot interval and then NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:53.265 --> 00:11:55.312 stacked to generate a continuous NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:55.312 --> 00:11:57.670 vertical profile as you see here. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:57.670 --> 00:11:58.528 On this figure, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:11:58.528 --> 00:12:00.880 the water content is shown on the left, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:00.880 --> 00:12:01.861 the hydraulic connectivity NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:01.861 --> 00:12:03.496 is shown in the center, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:03.500 --> 00:12:05.048 and cumulative transmissivity from NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:05.048 --> 00:12:08.079 bottom to top is shown on the right. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:08.080 --> 00:12:09.280 The horizontal blue line NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:09.280 --> 00:12:11.080 represents the depth to water in NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:11.138 --> 00:12:13.024 the well below the water table. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:13.024 --> 00:12:14.854 The matrix is fully saturated. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:14.860 --> 00:12:17.152 The area shaded dark blue represents NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:17.152 --> 00:12:18.680 the mobile water fraction, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:18.680 --> 00:12:20.840 the light blue shaded area represents NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:20.840 --> 00:12:22.280 the capillary bound fraction, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:22.280 --> 00:12:24.305 and the tan color represents NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:24.305 --> 00:12:25.925 the clay bound fraction. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:25.930 --> 00:12:28.051 The sum of each of those represents NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:28.051 --> 00:12:29.979 the total water filled porosity. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:29.980 --> 00:12:31.982 Above the water table we see mostly NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:31.982 --> 00:12:33.540 capillary and clay bound water. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:33.540 --> 00:12:35.118 Since the matrix above the water NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:35.118 --> 00:12:36.740 table is not fully saturated, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:36.740 --> 00:12:38.900 the water present represents NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:38.900 --> 00:12:41.060 the residual or irreducible NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:41.060 --> 00:12:43.538 water content in the veto zone. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:43.540 --> 00:12:44.506 And unconsolidated material. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:44.506 --> 00:12:46.760 The sum of echoes model provides the NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:46.815 --> 00:12:48.800 best estimate of hydraulic connectivity, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:48.800 --> 00:12:50.520 although other models can be NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:50.520 --> 00:12:52.240 applied and the results compared. NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:52.240 --> 00:12:53.924 In the example shown, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:53.924 --> 00:12:55.608 hydraulic conductivities range from NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:55.608 --> 00:12:58.540 about 1 foot per day or about 3.5 * NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:12:58.540 --> 00:13:00.850 10 to the minus 4 centimeters per NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:13:00.850 --> 00:13:02.980 second and sandy silt material, NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:13:02.980 --> 00:13:05.404 to 10 feet per day in silty sand NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:13:05.404 --> 00:13:07.866 and as high as several 100 feet NOTE Confidence: 0.919411385882353 00:13:07.866 --> 00:13:09.740 per day in sand and gravel. NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:13.690 --> 00:13:15.598 Process data can be downloaded as NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:15.598 --> 00:13:17.490 figures and graphics or digitally. NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:17.490 --> 00:13:19.905 Digital data can then be further analyzed NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:19.905 --> 00:13:22.170 using statistical or other modeling tools. NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:22.170 --> 00:13:23.605 In the example shown in the NMR, NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:23.610 --> 00:13:25.710 data was used to establish NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:25.710 --> 00:13:26.970 time stratigraphic units. NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:26.970 --> 00:13:28.486 NMR hydraulic connectivity data NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:28.486 --> 00:13:30.381 were then separated by time NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:30.381 --> 00:13:31.848 stratigraphic unit and statistically NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:31.848 --> 00:13:33.568 analyzed to estimate the mean, NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:33.570 --> 00:13:35.390 variance, and standard deviation NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:35.390 --> 00:13:37.210 of hydraulic connectivities within NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:37.210 --> 00:13:39.310 each time stratigraphic unit. NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:39.310 --> 00:13:41.368 The results could then be used to NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:41.368 --> 00:13:42.923 discretize a groundwater flow model NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:42.923 --> 00:13:44.468 and perform sensitivity analysis based NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:44.468 --> 00:13:46.670 on the high resolution annamar data. NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:46.670 --> 00:13:48.590 This process can also be used NOTE Confidence: 0.811011441818182 00:13:48.590 --> 00:13:49.550 for porosity data. NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:13:52.840 --> 00:13:54.664 For bedrock, this slide shows the NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:13:54.664 --> 00:13:57.114 results of NMR logging compared to other NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:13:57.114 --> 00:13:58.678 borehole geophysical logs collected NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:13:58.678 --> 00:14:01.000 within a limestone bedrock environment. NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:01.000 --> 00:14:01.900 For this investigation, NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:01.900 --> 00:14:04.000 the two cut offs for clay and NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:04.056 --> 00:14:05.891 capillary bound water were adjusted NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:05.891 --> 00:14:08.193 to reflect a limestone matrix and NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:08.193 --> 00:14:10.599 the Schlumberger model was used to NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:10.599 --> 00:14:11.802 estimate hydraulic connectivity. NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:11.810 --> 00:14:12.701 In this example, NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:12.701 --> 00:14:14.186 3 bedrock formations are present, NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:14.190 --> 00:14:15.970 including the Saint Louis, NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:15.970 --> 00:14:17.750 Salem and Warsaw Formations. NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:17.750 --> 00:14:20.114 The Saint Louis Formation is described NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:20.114 --> 00:14:22.104 as an argillaceous limestone with NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:22.104 --> 00:14:24.186 multiple intervals of open low angle NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:24.186 --> 00:14:26.528 fractures you can see on the far right. NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:26.530 --> 00:14:28.480 The the acoustic televiewer that NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:28.480 --> 00:14:31.297 shows the red and and pink dots NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:31.297 --> 00:14:33.282 are open fractures and they're NOTE Confidence: 0.786557424545455 00:14:33.282 --> 00:14:35.270 low angle open fractures. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:37.340 --> 00:14:39.965 The NMR shows spikes of mobile porosity NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:39.965 --> 00:14:41.569 associated with intervals with NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:41.569 --> 00:14:43.639 multiple open and connected fractures. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:43.640 --> 00:14:45.430 The Salem Formation is described NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:45.430 --> 00:14:47.220 as an aeronautic and argillaceous NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:47.275 --> 00:14:49.120 limestone with few open fractures. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:49.120 --> 00:14:51.941 Within the Salem Formation is a limestone NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:51.941 --> 00:14:53.955 Shoal sequence represented by Lime NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:53.955 --> 00:14:55.815 Sands with elevated matrix porosity. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:55.820 --> 00:14:58.148 The NMR clearly shows the Shoal NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:14:58.148 --> 00:15:00.330 sequence and associated matrix porosity. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:00.330 --> 00:15:01.956 The Warsaw Formation is described as NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:01.956 --> 00:15:04.049 a clay stone with few open fractures, NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:04.050 --> 00:15:06.090 and the NMR shows primarily clay NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:06.090 --> 00:15:07.814 and capillary bound water with NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:07.814 --> 00:15:09.329 little or no mobile water. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:09.330 --> 00:15:12.106 Both the gamma log and the induction log NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:12.106 --> 00:15:14.607 also identify the Warsaw formation as NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:14.607 --> 00:15:16.782 containing high amounts of claimants. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:16.790 --> 00:15:18.536 Due to vertical averaging of NMR NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:18.536 --> 00:15:20.849 data over a foot and 1/2 individual NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:20.849 --> 00:15:22.664 fractures may not be detected, NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:22.670 --> 00:15:25.158 but they will add to the bulk hydraulic NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:25.158 --> 00:15:26.948 connectivity for the interval sample. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:26.950 --> 00:15:29.170 Hydraulic connectivity may be underestimated NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:29.170 --> 00:15:31.390 in bedrock where individual fractures NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:31.454 --> 00:15:33.188 are the primary source of yield. NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:33.190 --> 00:15:35.044 In zones where multiple fractures are NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:35.044 --> 00:15:37.237 present and a marvel provide better NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:37.237 --> 00:15:39.045 estimates of hydraulic connectivity, NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:39.050 --> 00:15:41.304 NMR performs best in bedrock where matrix NOTE Confidence: 0.732934446875 00:15:41.304 --> 00:15:43.688 porosity is the primary source of yield. NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:15:46.770 --> 00:15:47.910 In the cross section shown, NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:15:47.910 --> 00:15:49.330 the limestone bedrock formations NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:15:49.330 --> 00:15:51.460 are incised by an alluvial River NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:15:51.523 --> 00:15:53.107 Valley filled with sediments, NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:15:53.110 --> 00:15:55.430 and a limestone quarry was cut into the NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:15:55.430 --> 00:15:57.488 bedrock and later used as a landfill. NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:15:57.490 --> 00:15:59.772 NMR data was correlated in both bedrock NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:15:59.772 --> 00:16:01.810 and alluvium units to assess discharge NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:01.810 --> 00:16:03.802 from the upland bedrock aquifers to NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:03.802 --> 00:16:05.994 the alluvial valley sediments and the NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:05.994 --> 00:16:08.188 potential for impacts from the landfill. NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:08.188 --> 00:16:09.352 As described earlier, NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:09.352 --> 00:16:11.680 the Saint Louis Formation yields water NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:11.739 --> 00:16:14.199 largely through low angle fractures that NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:14.199 --> 00:16:16.400 discharge horizontally to shallow alluvium. NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:16.400 --> 00:16:18.486 The alluvial valley cut deep enough to NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:18.486 --> 00:16:20.259 intersect the Salem Shoal sediments, NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:20.260 --> 00:16:22.035 which likely discharge to the NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:22.035 --> 00:16:24.262 base of the alluvium annamar along NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:24.262 --> 00:16:25.826 the other geophysical NMR, NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:25.830 --> 00:16:27.590 along with other geophysical tools NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:27.590 --> 00:16:29.350 help redefine the conceptual site NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:29.408 --> 00:16:31.208 models so that the potential impacts NOTE Confidence: 0.841259176 00:16:31.208 --> 00:16:33.090 from the quarry could be assessed. NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:37.200 --> 00:16:39.430 Let's talk about multi phase. NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:39.430 --> 00:16:41.494 NMR is commonly used in the oil and NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:41.494 --> 00:16:43.270 gas industry to quantify the presence NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:43.270 --> 00:16:45.552 of multiphase fluids in oil and gas NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:45.552 --> 00:16:48.066 reservoirs to estimate the amount of NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:48.066 --> 00:16:49.323 recoverable recoverable hydrocarbons. NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:49.330 --> 00:16:50.518 In the slide show, NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:50.518 --> 00:16:52.146 effects of clay, bound water, NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:52.146 --> 00:16:54.490 capillary bound water, mobile water, NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:54.490 --> 00:16:57.590 hydrocarbons and natural gas on NOTE Confidence: 0.892705944 00:16:57.590 --> 00:16:59.960 T1T2 and diffusivity are described. NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:03.510 --> 00:17:06.303 This slide shows A2 dimensional plot of NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:06.303 --> 00:17:08.790 T2 relaxation times versus diffusivity NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:08.790 --> 00:17:10.830 water present in the reservoir plots NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:10.830 --> 00:17:12.755 along the blue line representing NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:12.755 --> 00:17:15.240 the diffusion coefficient for water. NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:15.240 --> 00:17:17.520 Liquid hydrocarbons plot along the green NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:17.520 --> 00:17:19.472 line below the diffusion coefficient NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:19.472 --> 00:17:22.048 for water and natural gas plots above NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:22.048 --> 00:17:24.139 the diffusion coefficient for water. NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:24.140 --> 00:17:25.970 The relative volumes of each are NOTE Confidence: 0.836737215833333 00:17:25.970 --> 00:17:28.200 determined by the area within each plot. NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:30.290 --> 00:17:31.740 Based on oil field experience, NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:31.740 --> 00:17:33.896 we know that annamar can be used NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:33.896 --> 00:17:35.714 to assess relative volumes of NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:35.714 --> 00:17:37.784 multiphase fluids in formation pores. NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:37.790 --> 00:17:39.580 Recently, pilot scale testing has NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:39.580 --> 00:17:41.796 been conducted to determine if near NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:41.796 --> 00:17:44.344 surface NMR tools could be effective in NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:44.344 --> 00:17:46.213 assessing multiphase liquids and shallow NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:46.213 --> 00:17:48.379 aquifers such as El Napple saturation. NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:48.380 --> 00:17:50.342 This slide shows the results of NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:50.342 --> 00:17:52.100 laboratory testing of NMR responses NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:52.100 --> 00:17:54.060 in test cells containing water, NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:54.060 --> 00:17:56.956 diesel, water in a sand matrix and a NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:56.956 --> 00:17:59.842 mixture of water and diesel 60% water, NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:17:59.842 --> 00:18:03.034 40% diesel within a sand matrix. NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:03.040 --> 00:18:05.938 On 2D plots of T2 versus diffusivity, NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:05.940 --> 00:18:07.734 the NMR results for test cells NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:07.734 --> 00:18:09.730 containing water with or without sand NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:09.730 --> 00:18:11.950 matrix plotted on the line representing NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:11.950 --> 00:18:13.729 the diffusivity of water with the NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:13.729 --> 00:18:15.820 slight shift to the left in the cell NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:15.820 --> 00:18:17.990 with the sand mixture due to small NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:17.990 --> 00:18:19.848 increase in capillary bound water. NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:19.850 --> 00:18:22.136 The cell containing only diesel plotted NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:22.136 --> 00:18:24.387 below the diffusivity of water line NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:24.387 --> 00:18:26.718 and the cell containing both water and NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:26.718 --> 00:18:28.750 diesel within a sand matrix showed NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:28.750 --> 00:18:30.970 2 distinct plots both along and a NOTE Confidence: 0.874357668 00:18:30.970 --> 00:18:32.710 below the diffusivity of water line. NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:36.040 --> 00:18:37.486 The areas of each plot were NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:37.486 --> 00:18:39.147 used to derive a percentage by NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:39.147 --> 00:18:41.073 volume for both water and diesel. NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:41.080 --> 00:18:43.306 Note that the sum of the calculated NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:43.306 --> 00:18:44.812 volumes add up to 30.7%, NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:44.812 --> 00:18:46.572 which represents the total porosity NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:46.572 --> 00:18:49.020 of the cell filled with sand matrix. NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:49.020 --> 00:18:51.090 The relative volumes of water and NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:51.090 --> 00:18:53.646 diesel in the matrix pores were then NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:53.646 --> 00:18:57.180 calculated at 57% water and 43% diesel. NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:57.180 --> 00:18:58.572 This closely approximate the NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:18:58.572 --> 00:19:00.648 mixture of 60% water and 40% diesel NOTE Confidence: 0.85469961 00:19:00.648 --> 00:19:02.530 that was used in the test cell. NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:04.930 --> 00:19:06.766 A separate pilot type study was NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:06.766 --> 00:19:08.395 conducted to estimate the lower NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:08.395 --> 00:19:10.465 effective limit of El Napple detection. NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:10.470 --> 00:19:12.129 In this case, a mixture of 10% NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:12.130 --> 00:19:14.858 diesel and 90% water was added to a NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:14.858 --> 00:19:17.518 test cell containing a sand matrix. NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:17.520 --> 00:19:20.625 Resulting nmar estimates ranged from 7.3% NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:20.625 --> 00:19:24.020 to 7.6% diesel in two separate tests, NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:24.020 --> 00:19:25.580 slightly underestimating the NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:25.580 --> 00:19:27.140 actual diesel volume. NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:27.140 --> 00:19:29.370 A third test using a 5% diesel NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:29.370 --> 00:19:31.620 mixture estimated diesel volume at NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:31.620 --> 00:19:34.217 2.2% and a fourth test using 1% NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:34.220 --> 00:19:37.320 diesel mixture over the estimated NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:37.320 --> 00:19:40.156 overestimated the diesel volume at 2.4%. NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:40.156 --> 00:19:42.652 This suggests that the diesel lnapl NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:42.652 --> 00:19:44.924 detection limits is generally in the NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:44.924 --> 00:19:47.660 range of 5% and the diesel napple NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:47.660 --> 00:19:50.330 quantification limit is closer to 10%. NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:50.330 --> 00:19:51.950 Finally, a test was conducted using NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:51.950 --> 00:19:53.886 a mixture with 10% weathered gasoline NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:53.886 --> 00:19:56.409 and the estimated volume was 3.3%. NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:56.409 --> 00:19:58.683 This is likely because the contrast NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:19:58.683 --> 00:20:00.207 and diffusivity between gasoline NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:20:00.207 --> 00:20:02.489 and water is much less than that NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:20:02.489 --> 00:20:03.789 between diesel and water, NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:20:03.790 --> 00:20:05.813 showing that the type of L napple NOTE Confidence: 0.754748853529412 00:20:05.813 --> 00:20:07.190 will influence the results. NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:10.020 --> 00:20:12.495 A field pilot test was conducted at a site NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:12.495 --> 00:20:14.876 with known diesel napple on groundwater. NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:14.880 --> 00:20:16.734 The monitoring wells were screened across NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:16.734 --> 00:20:19.055 the water table so that measurements of NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:19.055 --> 00:20:21.113 El Napple thickness could be monitored. NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:21.120 --> 00:20:22.488 Subsequently, multi Regional Water NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:22.488 --> 00:20:24.971 supply wells were shut down due to NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:24.971 --> 00:20:26.861 excessive drawdown in the aquifer NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:26.861 --> 00:20:28.373 and groundwater elevations rebounded NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:28.430 --> 00:20:30.607 to where the screen intervals in the NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:30.607 --> 00:20:32.122 monitoring well network became submerged. NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:32.122 --> 00:20:34.450 The wells could no longer be used to NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:34.513 --> 00:20:36.553 monitor El Napple thickness and regulators NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:36.553 --> 00:20:38.661 indicated that a new monitoring well NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:38.661 --> 00:20:40.725 network would need to be installed. NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:40.730 --> 00:20:42.480 Erin proposed conducting NMR surveys NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:42.480 --> 00:20:44.934 and impacted wells to see if diesel NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:44.934 --> 00:20:46.544 napple could be detected outside NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:46.544 --> 00:20:48.720 the blank case portion of the well NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:48.720 --> 00:20:50.844 screen or above the well screen and NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:50.844 --> 00:20:52.814 reassess the conceptual site model NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:52.814 --> 00:20:55.392 based on high resolution NMR porosity NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:55.392 --> 00:20:57.268 and hydraulic conductivity data. NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:57.270 --> 00:20:59.376 NMR results showed a laterally continuous NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:20:59.376 --> 00:21:02.203 10 to 15 foot thick aquitard just NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:21:02.203 --> 00:21:04.468 above the well screens characterize NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:21:04.468 --> 00:21:07.034 characterize as you can see here by NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:21:07.034 --> 00:21:09.061 capillary and clay bound water with NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:21:09.061 --> 00:21:12.078 very minor mobile water that would be NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:21:12.078 --> 00:21:14.940 the green and and red colored portions NOTE Confidence: 0.7137655322 00:21:14.940 --> 00:21:16.920 where the aquifer aquitard is shown. NOTE Confidence: 0.745980183333333 00:21:20.380 --> 00:21:22.342 Depth specific station tests were then NOTE Confidence: 0.745980183333333 00:21:22.342 --> 00:21:24.770 used to assess El Napple saturation. NOTE Confidence: 0.811096054761905 00:21:27.280 --> 00:21:29.528 The figures shown in his example of test NOTE Confidence: 0.811096054761905 00:21:29.528 --> 00:21:31.751 results at one of those stations showing NOTE Confidence: 0.811096054761905 00:21:31.751 --> 00:21:33.740 multiphase liquids on the 2D plots. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:36.190 --> 00:21:37.354 For this well location, NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:37.354 --> 00:21:39.567 the black bar on the log represents NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:39.567 --> 00:21:41.587 the the well screen interval. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:41.590 --> 00:21:43.858 The historic well low water table and NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:43.858 --> 00:21:46.128 the current water table are also shown. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:46.130 --> 00:21:48.170 The well screen was installed within NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:48.170 --> 00:21:50.499 a highly conductive layer of sand and NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:50.499 --> 00:21:52.323 gravel with high mobile water content. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:52.330 --> 00:21:55.383 Just above that the interval is NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:55.383 --> 00:21:57.248 the regional aquitard with mostly NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:57.248 --> 00:21:59.170 capillary and clay bound water. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:21:59.170 --> 00:22:01.354 Two different models were used to NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:01.354 --> 00:22:02.810 estimate hydraulic connectivity for NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:02.867 --> 00:22:05.338 comparison and show a very low conductive NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:05.338 --> 00:22:06.880 interval at approximately 35 feet. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:06.880 --> 00:22:07.984 Below ground surface, NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:07.984 --> 00:22:09.824 the red stars represent the NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:09.824 --> 00:22:11.960 locations of NMR station tests used NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:11.960 --> 00:22:13.958 to assess the presence of napple. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:13.960 --> 00:22:15.091 Only one station, NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:15.091 --> 00:22:16.976 located immediately below the AQUITARD, NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:16.980 --> 00:22:19.405 identified El Napple at a NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:19.405 --> 00:22:21.321 relative saturation of 5.4%. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:21.321 --> 00:22:23.626 This indicated that residual diesel NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:23.626 --> 00:22:25.901 napple became trapped beneath the NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:25.901 --> 00:22:28.442 aquitard at this location and did not NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:28.442 --> 00:22:30.625 migrate upward with with the rising NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:30.625 --> 00:22:32.433 water table at other locations. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:32.433 --> 00:22:34.288 Some residual napl was observed NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:34.288 --> 00:22:36.240 within the aquitard interval where NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:36.240 --> 00:22:38.155 enough mobile water was present NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:38.155 --> 00:22:40.000 to allow upward migration, NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:40.000 --> 00:22:42.202 but the lateral distribution of diesel NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:42.202 --> 00:22:44.759 naple and the aquitard was very limited. NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:44.760 --> 00:22:46.072 Based on these results, NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:46.072 --> 00:22:47.384 the regulators determined that NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:47.384 --> 00:22:49.529 the lnapl plume was stable and a NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:49.529 --> 00:22:50.964 new monitoring well network would NOTE Confidence: 0.81621965875 00:22:51.018 --> 00:22:51.888 not be necessary. NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:22:54.270 --> 00:22:58.032 So in summary. NMR is a viable technology for NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:22:58.032 --> 00:23:00.729 environmental and water supply practitioners. NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:00.730 --> 00:23:02.840 There are significant cost savings NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:02.840 --> 00:23:05.709 associated with and reduced risk to human NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:05.709 --> 00:23:08.131 health and safety because you can use NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:08.131 --> 00:23:10.862 existing infrastructure and and not have NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:10.862 --> 00:23:13.850 to install new wells and drill new holes. NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:13.850 --> 00:23:16.358 Improve site characterization and NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:16.358 --> 00:23:19.493 conceptual site model refinement is NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:19.493 --> 00:23:22.330 another benefit of NMR technology. NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:22.330 --> 00:23:25.263 There's also a strong potential to optimize NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:25.263 --> 00:23:27.463 extraction well and remediate remedial NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:27.463 --> 00:23:30.515 system designs based on the NMR results. NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:30.520 --> 00:23:33.705 And you can collect HRSC or high NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:33.705 --> 00:23:35.070 resolution site characterization. NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:35.070 --> 00:23:37.555 Hydro stratigraphic data or traditional NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:37.555 --> 00:23:40.040 push tool methods can't go. NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:40.040 --> 00:23:43.118 Finally, the potential for El Napple NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:43.118 --> 00:23:46.013 detection and quantification is while it's NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:46.013 --> 00:23:48.719 still somewhat experimental at this point, NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:48.720 --> 00:23:51.443 it would be a huge advantage to NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:51.443 --> 00:23:53.471 the environmental industry if you NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:53.471 --> 00:23:55.436 could easily go back periodically, NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:55.440 --> 00:23:58.308 logo well and determine the El NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:23:58.308 --> 00:24:01.160 Napple saturation and the formation. NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:24:01.160 --> 00:24:01.694 With that, NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:24:01.694 --> 00:24:04.209 I will end and say thank you for listening NOTE Confidence: 0.848884120714286 00:24:04.209 --> 00:24:07.008 and we can open it up for any questions.