CHAPTER 8

References


Abdul, A.S., and Ang, C.C. 1994. "In-Situ Surfactant Washing of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Oils from a Contaminated Field Site: Phase II Pilot Study," Ground Water, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 727-734.

Abdul, A.S., Gibson, T.L., Ang, C.C., Smith, J.C., and Sobczynski, R.E. 1992. "In-Situ Surfactant Washing of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Oils from a Contaminated Aquifer," Ground Water, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 219­231.

Abdul, S.A., and Gibson, T.L. 1991. "Laboratory Studies of Surfactant-Enhanced Washing of Polychlorinated Biphenyl from Sandy Materials," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 665-671.

Abdul, A.S., Gibson, T.L., and Rai, D.N. 1990. "Selection of Surfactants for Removal of Petroleum Products from Shallow Sandy Aquifers," Ground Water, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 920­926.

Abrams, A. 1975. "The Influence of Fluid Viscosity, Interfacial Tension, and Flow Velocity on Residual Oil Saturation," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, pp. 437-447.

Abriola, L.M., Pennell, K.D., Pope, G.A., Dekker, T.J., and Luning-Prak, D.J. 1995. "Impact of Surfactant Flushing on the Solubilization and Mobilization of Dense Nonaqueous-Phase Liquids." Chapter 2 in Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation, D.A. Sabatini, R.C. Knox, and J.H. Harwell, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 594, American Chemical Society, Washington.

Abriola, L.M., Dekker, T.J., and Pennell, K.D. 1993. "Surfactant Enhanced Solubilization of Residual Dodecane in Soil Columns 2: Mathematical Modeling," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 27, No. 12, pp. 2341-2351.

Adeel, Z., and Luthy, R.G. 1995. "Concentration-Dependent Regimes in Sorption and Transport of a Nonionic Surfactant in Sand-Aqueous Systems." Chapter 4 in Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation, D.A. Sabatini, R.C. Knox, and J.H. Harwell, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 594, American Chemical Society, Washington.

American Petroleum Institute (API). 1979. "Underground Movement of Gasoline on Ground Water and Enhanced Recovery by Surfactants." API Publication No. 4317, Submitted by Texas Research Institute.

American Standards Testing Methods. 1995. Standard Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models for Contaminated Sites. Designation: E 1689-95, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

American Standards Testing Methods. 1985. "Petroleum Products and Lubricants," Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.01, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Ang, C.C., and Abdul, A.S. 1991a. "Aqueous Surfactant Washing of Residual Oil Contamination from Sandy Soil," Ground Water Monitoring Review, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 121­127.

Ang, C.C., and Adbul, A.S. 1991b. "A Laboratory Study of the Biodegradation of an Alcohol Ethyoxylate Surfactant by Native Soil Microbes," Journal of Hydrology, Vol. 138, pp. 191-209.

Ang, C.C., and Adbul, A.S. 1994. "Evaluation of an Ultrafiltration Method for Surfactant Recovery and Reuse During In Situ Washing of Contaminated Sites: Laboratory and Field Studies," Ground Water Monitoring and Remediation.

Ankley, G.T., and Burkhard, L.P. 1992. "Identification of Surfactants as Toxicants in a Primary Effluent," Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 11, pp. 1235-1248.

Annable, M.D., Rao, P.S.C., Graham, W.D., Hatfield, K., and Wood, A.L. 1996a. "Use of Partitioning Tracers for Measuring Residual NAPL: Results From a Field-Scale Test." Accepted for publication in the Journal of Environmental Engineering.

Annable, M.D., Rao, P.S.C., Sillan, R.K., Hatfield, K., Graham, W.D., Wood, A.L., and Enfield, C.G.. 1996b. "Field-Scale Application of In-Situ Cosolvent Flushing: Evaluation Approach." Proceedings of the Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Conference, ASCE, Washington D.C., pp. 212-220.

Annable, M.D., Jawitz, J.W., Rao, P.S.C., and Rhue, R.D. 1996c. "Field Testing of a Surfactant-Alcohol Mixture for In-Situ NAPL Solubilization as a Microemulsion." Presented at the 2nd Annual Conference on Remediation, Houston, Texas, pp. 75-77.

Annable, M.D., Rao, P.S.C., Hatfield, K., Graham, W.D., and Wood, A.L. 1994. "Use of Partitioning Tracers for Measuring Residual NAPL distribution in a Contaminated Aquifer: Preliminary Results from a Field Scale Test." Proceedings of the 2nd Tracer Workshop, University of Texas, Austin, November 14 & 15.

Appelo, C.A.J. 1994. "Some Calculations on Multicomponent Transport with Cation Exchange in Aquifers," Ground Water, Vol. 32, No. 6, pp. 968-975.

Bae, J.H. 1995. "Glenn Pool Surfactant-Flood Expansion Project-A Technical Summary," SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 123-128.

Bae, J.H., and Petrick, C.B. 1977. "Adsorption/Retention of Petroleum Sulfonates in Berea Cores," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 17, pp. 353-357.

Banerjee, 1984. "Solubility of Organic Mixtures in Water," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 18, pp. 587-591.

Baran, J.R., Pope, G.A., Wade, W.H., and Weerasooriya, V. 1994a. "Phase Behavior of Water/Perchloroethylene/Anionic Surfactant Systems," Langmuir, Vol. 10, pp. 1146-1150.

Baran, J.R., Pope, G.A., Wade, W.H., Weerasooriya, V., and Yapa, A. 1994b. "Microemulsion Formation with Chlorinated Hydrocarbons of Differing Polarity," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 28 pp. 1361-1366.

Baviere, M., Ruaux, E., and Defives, D. 1993. "Sulfonate Retention by Kaolinite at High pH-Effect of Inorganic Anions," SPE Reservoir Engineering, pp. 123-127.

Bear, J. 1972. Flow Through Porous Media, Elsevier.

Beckstrom, R.C., and Van Tuyl, F.M. 1927. "The Effect of Flooding Oil Sands with Alkaline Solutions," Bulletin, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, pp. 223-235.

Boethling, R.S. 1984. "Environmental Fate and Toxicity in Wastewater Treatment of Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants," Water Resources Research, Vol. 18, No. 9, pp. 1061-1076.

Bor-Jier Shiau, Sabatini, D.A., and Harwell, J.H. 1994. "Solubilization and Microemulsification of Chlorinated Solvents Using Direct Food Additive (Edible) Surfactants," Ground Water, Vol. 32, No. 4, pp. 561-569.

Bourrell, M., and Chambu, C. 1983. "The Rules for Achieving High Solubilization of Brine and Oil by Amphilphillic Molecules," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 23, pp. 327­338.

Brandes, D. 1992. "The Effect of Phase Behavior on Residual Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Displacement from Porous Media by Alcohol Flooding." Masters Thesis, Clemson University, South Carolina.

Brewster, M.L., Annan, A.P., Greenhouse, J.P., Kueper, B.H., Olhoeft, G.R., Redman, J.D., and Sander, K.A. 1995. "Observed Migration of a Controlled DNAPL Release by Geophysical Methods," Journal of Ground Water, Vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 977-987.

Brown, C.L., Delshad, M., Dwarakanath, V., Jackson, R.E., Londergan, J.T., Meinardus, H.W., McKinney, D.C., Oolman, T., Pope, G.A., and Wade, W.H. 1996. "A Successful Demonstration of Surfactant Flooding of an Alluvial Aquifer Contaminated with DNAPL." Submitted to Environmental Science & Technology.

Brown, C.L., Pope, G.A., Abriola, L.M., and Sepehrnoori, K. 1994. "Simulation of Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation," Water Resources Research, Vol. 30, No. 11, pp. 2959-2977.

Brusseau, M.L., Miller, R.M., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., and Bai, G-Y. 1995. "Biosurfactant- and Cosolvent-Enhanced Remediation of Contaminated Media." Chapter 7 in Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation, D.A. Sabatini, R.C. Knox, and J.H. Harwell, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 594, American Chemical Society, Washington.

Cayias, J.L., Schechter, R.S., and Wade, W.H. 1976. "Modeling Crude Oils for Low Interfacial Tension," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal. pp. 351-357.

Cayias, J.L., Schechter, R.S., and Wade, W.H. 1975. "The Measurement of Interfacial Tension via the Spinning Drop Technique," Adsorption at Interfaces, American Chemical Society Symposium Series, Vol. 8, Washington D.C., pp. 234­248.

CH2M HILL and Surtek. 1995. "March Air Force Base OU3: Bench-Scale Testing for Surfactant Removal of JP-4 from Soil." Draft Report.

CH2M HILL. 1993. "UPRR Laramie Tie Plant Site Draft Corrective Measures Study Report." Submitted to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region VIII, Denver, Colorado.

CH2M HILL. 1990. "Union Pacific Railroad Laramie Tie Plant In Situ Treatment Process Development Program: Milestone IV Report."

Chan, K.S., and Shah, D.O. 1981. "The Physico-Chemical Conditions Necessary to Produce Ultralow Interfacial Tension at the Oil/Brine Interface," In Surface Phenomena in Enhanced Oil Recovery, Plenum Press, New York, pp. 53­72.

Chang, H.L. 1978. "Polymer Flooding Technology - Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow," Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 30, pp. 1113-1128.

Chown, J.C., Kueper, B.H., and McWhorter, D.B. 1997. "The Use of Upward Hydraulic Gradients to Arrest Downward DNAPL Migration in Rock Fractures," Journal of Ground Water, In Press.

Claridge, E.L., Chairman Editorial Committee. 1988. Surfactant/Polymer Chemical Flooding, SPE Reprint Series No. 24., Vol. I and II, Society of Petroleum Engineers, Richardson, Texas.

Clarke, A.N., Mutch, R.D. Jr., Wilson, J.D., and Oma, K.H. 1992. "Design and Implementation of Pilot Scale Surfactant Washing/Flushing Technologies Including Surfactant Reuse," Water Science Technology, Vol. 26, No. 1-2, pp. 127-135.

Cohen, R.M., and Mercer, J.W. 1993. DNAPL Site Evaluation, C.K. Smokley, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Corey, A.T. 1986. Mechanics of Immiscible Fluids in Porous Media, Water Resources Publications.

Deistic, J.J., and Smith, J.A. 1995. "Effect of Triton X-100 on the Rate of Trichloroethene Desorption from Soil to Water," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 29, No. 4.

Deitsch, J.J., and Smith, J.A. 1994. "Surfactant Enhanced Remediation of Ground Water at Picatinny Arsenal, New Jersey." In U.S. Geological Survey Toxins Substances Hydrology Program-Proceedings of the Technical Meeting, Colorado Springs, Colorado, September 20-24, 1993, D.W. Morganwalp, and D.A. Aronson, Eds., U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 94-4015.

Delshad, M., Pope, G.A., and Sepehrnoori, K. 1996. "A Compositional Simulator for Modeling Surfactant Enhanced Aquifer Remediation, 1: Formulation," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 23, pp. 303-327.

Department of Defense. 1996. "Remedial Technologies Screening Matrix and Reference Guide." In http://clu-in.org, NTIS PB95-104782, February 13.

Di Cesare, D., and Smith, J.A. 1994. "Effects of Surfactants on the Desorption Rate of Nonionic Organic Compounds from Soil to Water," Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 134, pp. 1­129.

Di Toro, D.M, Dodge, L.J., and Hand, V.C. 1990. "A Model for Anionic Surfactant Sorption," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 24, No. 7, pp. 1013-1020.

Diallo, M.S., Abriola, L.M., and Weber, W.J. 1994. "Solubilization of Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Hydrocarbons in Micellar Solutions of Dodecyl Alcohol Ethoxylates," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 28, No. 11, pp. 1829-1837.

Dubois, M.K., Gilles, J.K., Hamilton, J.K. Rebers, P.A., and Smith, F. 1956. "Pfizer Flocon 4800 Procedure-Phenol/Sulfuric Acid Method," Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 28, pp. 350­352.

Dynamac Corporation. 1996. "Hill Air Force Base, Utah: Draft Phase II Work Plan for Eight Treatability Studies at Operable Unit 1." USAF Contract No. 2208.1211.

Eckenfelder, W.W., and Musterman, J.L. 1995. Activated Sludge Treatment of Industrial Wastewater, Technomic Publishing Company, Inc., Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Edwards, D.A., Luthy, R.G., and Liu, Z. 1991. "Solubilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Micellar Nonionic Surfactant Solutions," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 127-133.

Enhanced Energy Recovery News. 1995. "Esters Key to Low Interfacial Tension," Vol. 19, No. 1.

Epton, S.R. 1948. Trans. Faraday Soc., Vol. 44, pp. 226-230.

Falta, R.W., Brame, S.E., Lee, C.M., Coates, J.T., Wright C., Price, S., Haskell, P., and Roeder, E. 1996. "A Field Test of NAPL Removal by High Molecular Weight Alcohol Injection." Proceedings, NAPLs in the Subsurface Environment: Assessment and Remediation, American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington, D.C., pp. 257-268.

Farr, A.M., Houghtilan, R.J., and McWhorter, D.B. 1990. "Volumen Estimationi of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids In Porous Media." Ground Water, Vol. 28, No. 1.

Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable. 1995. Guide to Documenting Cost and Performance for Remediation Projects. EPA-542-B-95-002.

Feenstra, S., Mackay, D.M., and Cherry, J.A. 1991. "Presence of Residual NAPL Based on Organic Chemical Concentrations in Soil Samples," Ground Water Monitoring Review, Vol. II, No. 2, pp. 128-136.

Feenstra, S. 1990. "Evaluation of Multi-Component DNAPL Source By Monitoring of Dissolved Phase Concentrations." Proceeding of the International Conference on Subsurface Contamination By Immicible Fluids, K.U. Weyer, Ed., International Association of Hydrologists, Calgary, Alberta, April 18-20, pp. 62-72.

Fetter, C.W. 1993. Contaminant Hydrogeology, MacMillan.

Fountain, J.C. 1993. "Extraction of Organic Pollutants Using Enhanced Surfactant Flushing-Part II, Pilot Scale Field Trial at Corpus Christi, Texas." Submitted to the New York State Center for Hazardous Waste Management, State University of New York at Buffalo, 207 Jarvis Hall.

Fountain, J.C. 1992. "Surfactant-Enhanced Recovery of DNAPLs." Pre-Conference Seminar Proceedings: Detection and Restoration of DNAPLs in Ground Water at Hazardous Waste Sites, Water Environment Federation 65th Annual Conference and Exposition, September 20­24.

Fountain, J.C., and Hodge, D.S. 1992. "Project Summary: Extraction of Organic Pollutants Using Enhanced Surfactant Flushing, Initial Field Test (Part I)." New York State Center for Hazardous Waste Management, State University of New York at Buffalo, 207 Jarvis Hall, Buffalo, New York.

Fountain, J.C., Klimek, A., Beikirch, M.G., and Middleton, T.M. 1991. "The Use of Surfactants for In-Situ Extraction of Organic Pollutants from a Contaminated Aquifer," Journal of Hazardous Materials, Special Issue on In-Situ Remediation, Vol. 28, pp. 295-311.

Fountain, J.C., Starr, R.C., Middleton, T., Beikirch, M., Taylor, C., and Hodge, D. 1996. "A Controlled Field Test of Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation," Journal of Ground Water, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 910-916.

Frick, F.F., and Taylor, W.R. 1962. Petroleum Production Handbook. Second Printing, Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, Dallas, Texas.

Gannon, K.O., Bibring, P., Raney, K., Ward, J.A., and Wilson, D.J. 1989. "Soil Clean Up by In-Situ Surfactant Flushing III - Laboratory Results," Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 14, pp. 1073-1094.

Gao, S., Li, H., Yang, Z., Pitts, M.J., Surkalo, H., and Wyatt, K. 1996. "Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Pilot Performance of the West Central Saertu, Daqing Oil Field," SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 11, No. 3, pp. 181-188.

Gogarty, W.B., and Tosch, W.C. 1968. "Miscible-Type Waterflooding: Oil Recovery with Micellar Solutions," Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 20, pp. 1407-1414.

Graciaa, A., Fortney, L.N., Schechter, R.S., Wade, W.H., and Yiv, S. 1982. "Criteria for Structuring Surfactants to Maximize Solubilization of Oil and Water: Part 1 - Commercial Nonionics," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, pp. 743-749.

Gupta, S.P. 1980. "Compositional Effects on Displacement Mechanisms of the Micellar Fluid Injected in the Sloss Field Test," SPE paper no. 8827. Proceedings of SPE/DOE Symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, pp. 175-188.

Hayden, N.J. and Van der Hoven, E.J. 1996. "Alcohol Flushing for Enhanced Removal of Coal Tar from Contaminated Sites," Water Environment Research, Vol. 68, No. 7, pp. 1165­1171.

Hayworth, J.S., and Burris, D.R. 1996. "Modeling Cationic Surfactant Transport in Porous Media," Journal of Ground Water, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 274-282.

Healy, R.N, and Reed, R.L. 1975. "Physicochemical Aspects of Microemulsion Flooding," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, pp. 87-103.

Hill, H.J., and Lake, L.W. 1978. "Cation Exchange in Chemical Flooding: Part 3 - Experimental," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 445-456.

Hirasaki, G.J., Miller, C.A., Szafranski, R., Lawson, J.B., and Akiya, N. 1996. "Surfactant/Foam Process for Aquifer Remediation," SPE paper no. 37257. To be presented at the SPE International Symposium on Oil Field Chemistry, Houston, Texas, February 18-21, 1997.

Hirasaki, G.J. 1982. "Ion Exchange with Clays in the Presence of Surfactant," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 181-192.

Holm, L.W. 1971. "Use of Soluble Oils for Oil Recovery," Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 23, pp. 1475-1483.

Holsen, T.M, Taylor, E.R., Seo, Y-C., and Anderson, P.R. 1991. "Removal of Sparingly Soluble Organic Chemicals from Aqueous Solutions with Surfactant-Coated Ferrihydrite," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 25, No. 9, pp. 1585-1589.

Honarpour, M., Koederitz, L., and Harvey, A.H. 1986. Relative Permeability of Petroleum Reservoirs, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

Imhoff, P.T., Gleyzer, S.N., McBride, J.F., Vancho, L.A., Okuda, I., and Miller, C.T. 1995. "Cosolvent-Enhanced Remediation of Residual Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids: Experimental Investigation," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 1966­1976.

Intera, Inc. 1997. Update on U.S. Department of Energy PORTS project.

Intera, Inc. 1996. "Phase I Work Plan: Demonstration of Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation of DNAPLs at Hill Air Force Base." Prepared for the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, Technology Transfer Division, Brooks AFB, Texas.

Intera, Inc. and State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo. 1995. "The In-Situ Decontamination of Sand and Gravel Aquifers by Chemically Enhanced Solubilization of Multiple-Component DNAPLs with Surfactant Solutions. Phase I Final Topical Report: Laboratory and Pilot Field-Scale Testing." Submitted to Morgantown Energy Technology Center, U.S. Department of Energy.

Jackson, R.E., and Pickens, J.F. "Determining Location and Composition of Liquid Contaminants in Geologic Formations," U.S. Patent No. 5,319,966.

Jackson, R.E. 1993. "Surfactant-Enhanced Remediation of DNAPL Zones in Granular Aquifer Systems," Remediation, pp. 77-91.

Jafvert, C.T., Chu, W., and Van Hoof, P.L. 1995. "A Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship for Solubilization of Nonpolar Compounds by Nonionic Surfactant Micelles." Chapter 3 in Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation, D.A. Sabatini, R.C. Knox, and J.H. Harwell, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 594, American Chemical Society, Washington.

Jafvert, C.T., and Heath, J.K. 1991. "Sediment- and Saturated-Soil-Associated Reactions Involving an Anionic Surfactant (Dodecylsulfate). 1. Precipitation and Micelle Formation," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1031-1038.

Jawitz, J.W., M.D. Annable, P.S.C. Rao, and D. Rhue. 1997. "Field Testing of a Surfactant-Alcohol Mixture For In-Situ NAPL Solubilization As A Single-Phase Microemulsion," Extended Abstract. To be presented at the ACS annual meeting in San Francisco, April 1997.

Jin, M., Delshad, M., Dwarakanath, V., McKinney, D.C., Pope, G.A., Sepehmoori, K., Tilburg, C.E., and Jackson, R.E. 1995. "Partitioning Tracer Test for Detection, Estimation, and Remediation Performance Assessment of Subsurface Nonaqueous Phase Liquids," Water Resources Research, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 1201-1211.

Jones, S.C., and Roszelle, W.O. 1978. "Graphical Techniques for Determining Relative Permeability from Displacement Experiments," Journal of Petroleum Engineering, Vol. 30, pp. 807-817.

Kile, D.E., and Chiou, C.T. 1989. "Water Solubility Enhancements of DDT and Trichlorobenzene by Some Surfactants Below and Above the Critical Micelle Concentration," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 23, No. 7, pp. 832-838.

Knox, R.C., Sabatine, D.A., Harwell, J.H., Brown, R.E., West, C.C., Blaha, F., and Griffin, C. 1996. "Surfactant Remediation Field Demonstration Using a Vertical Circulation Well." Submitted to Ground Water.

Krebs-Yuill, B., Harwell, J.H., Sabatini, D.A., Quinton, G.E., and Shoemaker, S.H. 1996. "Economic Study of Surfactant-Enhanced Pump-and-Treat Remediation." Presented at the 69th Annual Conference and Exposition of the Water Environment Federation, October 5­9, Dallas, Texas.

Krebs-Yuill, B., Harwell, J.H., Sabatini, D.A., and Knox, R.C. 1995. "Economic Considerations in Surfactant-Enhanced Pump-and-Treat Remediation." Chapter 19 in Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation; ACS Symposium Series 594, American Chemical Society, Washington.

Kueper, B.H. 1989. "The Behavior of Dense, Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids in Heterogeneous Porous Media." Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Kueper, B.H., Abbot, W., and Farquhar, G. 1989. "Experimental Observations of Multiphase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 5, pp. 83-95.

Kueper, B.H., and Frind, E.O. 1996. "Numerical Simulation of the Migration of Dense, Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs) in Porous Media." Chapter 4 in Dense Chlorinated Solvents and other DNAPLs in Ground Water, J.F. Pankow and J.A. Cherry, Eds., Waterloo Press, Portland, Oregon.

Kueper, B.H., and Frind, E.O. 1991. "Two-Phase Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media. 2. Model Application," Water Resources Research, Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 1058-1070.

Kueper, B.H., and Frind, E.O. 1988. "An Overview of Immiscible Fingering in Porous Media," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 95-110.

Kueper, B.H., Haase, C.S., and King, H. 1992. "Leakage of DNAPL from Waste Impoundments Constructed In Fractured Rock and Clay: Theory and Case History," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 234-244.

Kueper, B.H., Redman, J.D., Starr, R.C., Reitsma, S., and Mah, M. 1993. "A Field Experiment to Study the Behavior of Tetrachloroethylene Below the Watertable: Spatial Distribution of Residual and Pooled DNAPL," Journal of Ground Water, Vol. 31, No. 5, pp. 756-766.

Kueper, B.H., and McWhorter, D.B. 1991. "The Behavior of Dense, Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in Fractured Clay and Rock," Journal of Ground Water, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 716-728.

Lake, L.W. 1989. Enhanced Oil Recovery, Prentice Hall.

Lake, L.W., and Helfferich, F.G. 1978. "Cation Exchange in Chemical Flooding: Part 2 - The Effect of Dispersion, Cation Exchange and Polymer/Surfactant Adsorption on Chemical Flood Environment," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 435-444.

Larson, R.G., Davis, H.T., and Scriven, L.E. 1982. "Elementary Mechanisms of Oil Recovery by Chemical Methods," Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 34, pp. 243-258.

Leverett, M.C. 1941. "Capillary Behavior in Porous Solids," Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Metall. Ret. Eng., Vol. 142, pp. 152-169.

Lipe, K.M., Sabatini, D.A., Hasegawa, M.A., and Harwell, J.H. 1996. "Micellar-Enhanced Ultrafiltration and Air Stripping for Surfactant-Contaminant Separation and Surfactant Reuse," Groundwater Monitoring Review, Winter 1996, pp. 85-92.

Longino, B.L., and Kueper, B.H. 1995. "The Use of Upward Gradients to Arrest Downward DNAPL Migration in the Presence of Solubilizing Surfactants," Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 296-308.

Lunn, S.D. and Kueper, B.H. 1997. "Removal of Pooled DNAPL from Saturated Porous Media Using Upward Gradient Alcohol Floods." Submitted for publication.

Lunn, S.D., and Kueper, B.H. 1996. "Removal of DNAPL Pools Using Upward Gradient Ethanol Floods." Proceedings of NAPLs in The Subsurface Environment: Assessment and Remediation, American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington, D.C., pp. 345-356.

Luthy, R.G., Dzombak, D.A., Peters, C., Ali, M.A., and Roy, S.B. 1992. "Solvent Extraction for Coal Tar." Technical Report No. TR-101845, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California.

Mackay, D., Shiuk, W.Y, and Ma, K.C. 1993. Illustrated Handbook of Physical-Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate for Organic Chemicals, Volume III, Lewis Publishers.

Manji, K.H., and Stasiuk, B.W. 1988. "Design Considerations for Dome's David Alkali/Polymer Flood," Journal of Canadian Petroleum Technology, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 49-54.

Manlowe, D.J., and Radke, C.J. 1988. "A Pore-Level Investigation of Foam/Oil Interactions in Porous Media," SPE paper no. 18069.

Marinelli, F., and Durnford, D.S., 1996. "LNAPL Thickness in Monitoring Wells Considering Hysteresis and Entrapment," Ground Water, Vol. 34, No. 3, p. 405.

Martel, R., Gelinas, P.J., and Saumure, L. 1996. "Aquifer Washing by Micellar Solutions: 3-Field Test at the Thouin Sand Pit." Submitted to the Journal of Contaminant Hydrology.

Mason, A.R., and Kueper, B.H. 1996. "Numerical Simulation of Surfactant Flooding to Remove Pooled DNAPL from Porous Media," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 30, No. 11, pp. 3205-3215.

Mendoza, C.A., Johnson, R.L., and Gillham, R.W. 1996. "Vapor Migration in the Vadose Zone." Chapter 6 in Dense Chlorinated Solvents and other DNAPLs in Ground Water. J.F. Pankow and J.A. Cherry, Eds., Waterloo Press, Portland, Oregon.

Metcalf & Eddy, Inc. 1991. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment Disposal and Reuse. Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc.

Montgomery Watson. 1995. "Final Interim Report: Evaluation of Bench Test Results for the Surfactant Flushing Treatability Study at Operable Unit 1, Hill Air Force Base, Utah." USAF Contract No. 2208.0804.

MSE Technology Applications. 1996. "Analysis of Technologies for the Separation, Recovery, and Recycling of Surfactants from DNAPL Remedial Actions." Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center, Contract No. DE­AC22­88ID12735.

Narkis, N., and Ben-David, B. 1985. "Adsorption of Nonionic Surfactants on Activated Carbon and Mineral Clay," Water Resources Research, Vol. 19, No. 7, pp. 815-824.

National Research Council (NRC). 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Committee on Ground Water Cleanup Alternatives, Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources, National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 315 pp.

Nelson, R.C. 1982. "The Salinity-Requirement Diagram - A Useful Tool in Chemical Flooding Research and Development," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 22, pp. 259-270.

Nelson, R.C., and Pope, G.A. 1978. "Phase Relationships in Chemical Flooding," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 325-338.

Oolman, T., Godard, S.T., Pope, G.A., Jin, M., and Kirchner, K. 1995. "DNAPL Flow Behavior in a Contaminated Aquifer: Evaluation of Field Data," Journal of Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation, Vol. 15, No. 4.

Pankow, J.F., and Cherry, J.A., Eds. 1996. Dense Chlorinated Solvents and Other DNAPLs in Ground Water, Waterloo Press, Portland, Oregon.

Parker, B.L., Gillham, R.W., and Cherry, J.A. 1994. "Diffusive Disappearance of Dense, Immiscible Phase Organic Liquids in Fractured Geologic Media," Journal of Ground Water, Vol. 32, pp. 805-820.

Pennell, K.D., Abriola, L.M., and Weber, W.J., Jr. 1993. "Surfactant-Enhanced Solubilization of Residual Dodecane in Soil Columns. 1: Experimental Investigation," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 27, No. 12, pp. 2332-2340.

Pennell, K.D., Jin, M., Abriola, L.M., and Pope, G. 1994. "Surfactant Enhanced Remediation of Soil Columns Contaminated by Residual Tetrachloroethylene," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 16, pp. 35-53.

Peters, C.A., and Luthy, R.G. 1993. "Coal Tar Dissolution in Water Miscible Solvents: Experimental Evaluation," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 27, p. 2831.

Piontek, K.R., and Simpkin, T.J. 1994. "Practicability of In Situ Bioremediation at a Wood-Preserving Site." In Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds, R.E. Hinchee, A. Leeson, L. Semprini, and S.K. Ong, Eds., Lewis Publishers, pp. 117-128.

Pitts, M.J., Surkalo, H., and Wyatt, K. 1995. "Design and Field Implementation of Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery Systems." Proceedings of the UNITAR International Conference on Heavy Crude and Tar Sands, February 12-17, Vol. 1, pp. 795-803.

Pitts, M.J., Wyatt, K., Sale, T.C., and Piontek, K.R. 1993. "Utilization of Chemical-Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology to Remove Hazardous Oily Waste from Alluvium," SPE/DOE paper no. 25153. presented at the SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, New Orleans, Louisiana, March 2-5, pp. 33-44.

Pope, G.A., and Wade, W.H. 1995. "Lessons from Enhanced Oil Recovery Research for Surfactant-Enhanced Aquifer Remediation." Chapter 11 in Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation, D.A. Sabatini, R.C. Knox, and J.H. Harwell, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 594, American Chemical Society, Washington.

Pope, G.A., Lake, L.W., and Helfferich, F.G. 1978. "Cation Exchange in Chemical Flooding: Part 1 - Basic Theory without Dispersion," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 418-434.

Pope, G.A., Minquan, J., Dwarakanath, V., Rouse, B., and Sepehrnoori, K. 1994. "Partitioning Tracer Tests to Characterize Organic Contaminants." Proceedings of the 2nd Tracer Workshop, University of Texas, Austin, November 14 & 15.

Potts, D.E., and Kuehne, D.L. 1988. "Strategy for Alkaline/Polymer Flood Design with Berea and Reservoir-Rock Corefloods," SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 3, pp. 1154-1152.

Poulsen, M., and Kueper, B.H. 1992. "A Field Experiment to Study the Behavior of Tetrachloroethylene in Unsaturated Porous Media," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 889-895.

Pouska, G.A., Trost, P.B., and Day, M. 1989. "APS Remediation of a Shallow Aquifer Containing Viscous Oil." In Proceedings of the 6th National Conference on Hazardous Wastes and Hazardous Materials, New Orleans, Louisiana, pp. 423-430.

Powers, S.E., Abriola, L.M., Dunkin, J.S., and Weber, W.J. 1994. "Phenomenological Models for Transient NAPL-Water Mass-Transfer Processes," Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, Vol. 16, pp. 1-33.

Radian. 1994. "Aquifer Data Evaluation Report, Operable Unit 2. Hill Air Force Base, Utah," RCN 279-100-26-41.

Rand, M.C., Chairman Editorial Board. 1975. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 14th Edition, American Public Health Association, (APHA), American Water Works Association, (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF).

Rao, P.S.C., Hornsby, A.G., Kilcrease, D.P., and Nkedi-Kizza, P. 1985. "Sorption and Transport of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals in Aqueous and Mixed Solvent Systems: Model Development and Preliminary Evaluation," Journal of Environmental Quality, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 376-383.

Rao, P.S.C., M.D. Annable, R.K. Sillan, D.P. Dai, K. Hatfield, W.D. Graham, A.L. Wood, and C.G. Enfield, "Field-Scale Evaluation of In-Situ Cosolvent Flushing for Remediation of a Shallow, Unconfined Aquifer Contaminated with Residual LNAPL." Submitted to Water Resources Research.

Reitsma, S., and Kueper, B.H. 1996. "Compositional Modelling Study of Alcohol Flooding for Recovery of DNAPL with Varied Injection Concentration and Slug Size." Proceedings of NAPLs in the Subsurface Environment: Assessment and Remediation, American Society of Civil Engineers, Washington, D.C., pp. 526-537.

Reitsma, S., and Kueper, B.H. 1994. "Laboratory Measurement of Capillary Pressure Saturation Curves in a Natural Rock Fracture," Water Resources Research, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 865-878.

Reppert, T.R., Bragg, J.R., Wilkinson, J.R., Snow, T.M., Maer N.K., Jr., and Gale, W.W. 1990. "Second Ripley Surfactant Flood Pilot Test," SPE/DOE paper no. 20219. Presented at the SPE/DOE 7th symposium on Enhanced Oil Recovery, Tulsa, Oklahoma, April 22-25.

Rodolfo, P., Rao, S., Lee, L., and Cline, P. 1990. "Cosolvency of Partially Miscible Organic Solvents on the Solubility of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 639-661.

Rosen, M.J. 1989. Surfactants and Interfacial Phenomena, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

Ross, A., Boulanger, C., and Tremblay, C. 1996. "In Situ Remediation of Hydrocarbon Contamination Using an Injection-Extraction Process," Remediation Management, March/April.

Rouse, J.D., Sabatini, D.A., and Harwell, J.H. 1993. "Minimizing Surfactant Losses Using Twin-Head Anionic Surfactants in Subsurface Remediation," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 27, No. 10, pp. 2072-2078.

Routledge, E.J., and Sumpter, J.P. 1996. "Estrogenic Activity of Surfactants and Some of their Degradation Products Assessed Using a Recombinant Yeast Screen," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 241-248.

Rudin, J., and Wasan, D.T. 1993. "Surfactant-Enhanced Alkaline Flooding - Buffering at Intermediate Alkaline pH," SPE Reservoir Engineering, Vol. 18, pp. 275-280.

Sabatini, D.A., Knox, R.C., Harwell, J.H. 1996. "Surfactant-Enhanced DNAPL Remediation: Surfactant Selection, Hydraulic Efficiency, and Economic Factors." Environmental Research Brief prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma. EPA/600/S-96/002.

Sabatini, D.A., Knox, R.C., Harwell, J.H., Soerens, T., Chen, L., Brown, R.E., and West, C.C. 1996. "Design of a Surfectant Remediation Field Demonstration Based on Laboratory and Modeling Studies." Submitted to Ground Water.

Sabatini, D.A., Knox, R.C., and Harwell, J.H., Eds. 1995. Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation, ACS Symposium Series 594, American Chemical Society, Washington.

Sale, T.C., and Applegate, D. 1996. "Mobile NAPL Recovery: Conceptual, Field and Mathematical Considerations." Revised manuscript submitted to Ground Water.

Sale, T.C., and Applegate, D. 1996. "Oil Recovery at a Former Wood-Treating Facility," Water Environment Research, Vol. 68, No. 7, pp. 1116-1122.

Sale, T.C., Pitts, M., Piontek, K., and Wyatt, K. 1996. "In Situ Remediation of DNAPL Compounds in Low Permeability Media Fate/Transport, In Situ Control Technologies, and Risk Reduction." In Chemically Enhanced In Situ Recovery. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/TM­13305.

Sale, T.C., and Piontek, K.R. 1992. "A Decade of Remedial Action at a Former Wood-Treating Facility." Proceedings of Water Environment Federation 65th Annual Conference and Expositions on Detection and Restoration of DNAPLs in Ground Water at Hazardous Waste Sites. New Orleans, Louisiana, September 20-24.

Sale, T.C., Piontek, K.R., and Pitts, M.J. 1989. "Chemically Enhanced In-Situ Soil Washing," Proceedings of NWWA/API Conference on Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Ground Water: Prevention, Detection, and Restoration, November 15-17.

Salter, S.J. 1977. "The Influence of Type and Amount of Alcohol on Surfactant-Oil-Brine Phase Behavior and Properties," SPE paper No. 6843. Presented at the 52nd Annual Fall SPE Conference and Exhibition, Denver, Colorado, October 9-12.

Schwille, F. 1988. "Dense Chlorinated Solvents in Porous and Fractured Media: Model Experiments." Translated from the German by J.F. Pankow, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida.

Scoggins, M.W., and Miller, J.W. 1979. "Determination of Water-Soluble Polymer Containing Primary Amide Groups Using Starch-Triiodide Method," Society of Petroleum Engineers Journal, Vol. 20, pp. 151-154.

Selig, W., and Fresenius, Z. 1980. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 300, pp. 183-188 (and application notes from Orion, Metrohm, and Radiometer).

Shah, D.O., Ed. 1981. Surface Phenomena in Enhanced Oil Recovery, Plenum Press, New York and London.

Shiau, B-J, Rouse, J.D., Sabatini, D.A., and Harwell, J.H. 1995. "Surfactant Selection for Optimizing Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation." Chapter 6 in Surfactant-Enhanced Subsurface Remediation, D.A. Sabatini, R.C. Knox, and J.H. Harwell, Eds., ACS Symposium Series 594, American Chemical Society, Washington.

Skillman, H.L., McDonald, J.P., and Stiff, H.A. 1969. "A Simple, Accurate, Fast Method for Calculating Calcium Sulfate Solubility in Oil Field Brine." Presented at the Spring Meeting of the Southwestern District, API, Lubbock, Texas.

Smith, F.W. 1978. "Ion-Exchange Conditioning of Sandstones for Chemical Flooding," Journal of Petroleum Technology, Vol. 30, pp. 959-968.

Sorbie, K.S. 1990. Polymer-Improved Oil Recovery, Blackie, London.

Stiff, H.A., and Davis, L.E. 1952. "A Method for Predicting the Tendency of Oil Field Waters to Deposit Calcium Carbonate," Transactions AIME, Vol. 195, p. 213.

Streeter, V.L., and Wylie, E.B. 1981. Fluid Mechanics, First SI Metric Edition, McGraw Hill Ryerson.

Taber, J.J. 1981. "Research on Enhanced Oil Recovery: Past, Present, and Future," Surface Phenomena in Enhanced Oil Recovery, D.O. Shah, Ed., Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 13-52.

Taber, J.J. 1958. "The Injection of Detergent Slugs in Waterfloods," Petroleum Transactions, SPE/AIME, Vol. 213, p. 186.

Toel, K., Motomizu, S., and Umano, T. 1982. "Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Nonionic Surfactants in Water," Talanta, Vol. 29, pp. 103-106.

Trehy, M.L., Gledhill, W.E., Mieure, J.P., Adamove, J.E., Nielsen, A.M., Perkins, H.O., and Eckhoff, W.S. 1996. "Environmental Monitoring for Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates, Dialkyltetralin Sulfonates, and their Biodegradation Intermediates," Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 233-240.

Urano, K., Saito, M., and Murata, C. 1984. "Adsorption of Surfactants on Sediments," Chemosphere, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 293-300.

USEPA. 1996. "State Policies Concerning the Use of Injectants for In-Situ Ground-Water Remediation."

USEPA. 1995a. "Surfactant Injection for Ground-Water Remediation: State Regulators' Perspectives and Experiences."

USEPA. 1995b. "In Situ Remediation Technology Status Report: Surfactant-Enhancements," Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (5102W), EPA 542-K-94-003.

USEPA. 1993. Guidance for Evaluating the Technical Impracticability of Ground-Water Restoration. Interim Final Report. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Publication 9234.2­25. EPA/540/R/93/080.

USEPA. 1992. "Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids: A Workshop Summary." April 17-18, 1991, Dallas, Texas. EPA/600/R-29/030, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma.

USEPA. 1991. "Site Characterization for Subsurface Remediation," EPA/625/4-91/026.

USEPA. 1989. "Guide for Conducting Treatability Studies Under CERCLA."

Valsaraj, K.T., and Thibodeaux, L.J. 1989. "Relationships Between Micelle-Water and Octanol-Water Partition Constants for Hydrophobic Organics of Environmental Interest," Water Resources, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 183-189.

Verschueren, K. 1983. Handbook of Environmental Data on Organic Chemicals, Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold.

Vigon, B.W., and Rubin, A.J. 1989. "Practical Considerations in the Surfactant-Aided Mobilization of Contaminants in Aquifers," Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 61, No. 7, pp. 1233­1240.

Wellington, S.L., and Richardson, E.A. 1995. "Low Surfactant Concentration Enhanced Waterflooding," SPE paper no. 30748. Presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference in Dallas, Texas, October 22-25.

West, C.C., and Harwell, J.H. 1992. "Surfactants and Subsurface Remediation," Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 26, No. 12, pp. 2324-2330.

Westall, J.C., Brownawell, B.J., Wagner, J., and Chen, H. 1994. "The Use of Cationic Surfactants to Modify Aquifer Materials to Reduce the Mobility of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Research Brief, EPA/600/S-94/002.

Wilson, D.J. 1989. "Soil Cleanup by In-Situ Surfactant Flushing. I. Mathematical Modeling," Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 863-892.

Wilson, J.L., and Conrad, S.H. 1984. Proceedings, Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Organic Chemicals in Groundwater, National Water Well Association, Houston, Texas, pp. 274-298.

Wunderlich, R.W., Fountain, J.C., and Jackson, R.E. 1992. "In Situ Remediation of Aquifers Contaminated with Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids by Chemically Enhanced Solubilization," Journal of Soil Contamination, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 361-378.

Wyatt, K. 1992. "Hydrocarbon Removal from Soils Using Surfactant plus Polymer Foams," M.Sc. Thesis #T-4127, Colorado School of Mines.