The effectiveness of chemical oxidation, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), and adsorption on granular activated carbon (GAC) was evaluated for the ex situ remediation of a groundwater contaminated by organolead compounds, including tetraethyl lead (TEL), triethyl lead (TREL) and diethyl lead (DEL). The researchers collected groundwater from the site of a former tetraalkyllead-producing company in Trento, Italy. The samples showed an average total organic lead (TOL) content about 95.1 ug/L (TEL 0.5 ug/L, TREL 86.4 ug/L, DEL 8.3 ug/L). The main goal was to find out which method was most effective in reducing the pollutant content. The laboratory tests included chemical oxidation tests with different reactants (hydrogen peroxide, modified Fenton's reagent, potassium permanganate, activated potassium persulfate, oxygen, and combinations of potassium permanganate and modified Fenton's reagent); AOPs with ozone, UV radiation, and hydrogen peroxide; and filtration on GAC. A combination of chemical and physical treatments also was tested, with GAC filtration followed by chemical oxidation. The treatments exhibiting the best remediation performances were chemical oxidation with modified Fenton's reagent, AOPs with hydrogen peroxide and ozone (perozone), AOPs with hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation, and a coupled treatment of activated carbon filtration followed by chemical oxidation with perozone. All these treatments showed a 90% TOL removal, with excellent removals of both TEL and TREL, and with final DEL concentrations below 5 ug/L. Background information on this study can be found in E. Ferrarese's 2008 dissertation at http://www.ing.unitn.it/dica/eng/monographs/pdf/Monographs_11.pdf