Cremeans, M.M., J.F. Devlin, T.C. Osorno, and R.W. Nairn.
Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 39(3):40-47(2019)

A passive vertical flow bioreactor (VFBR) engineered treatment pond was used to remediate groundwater contaminated from improperly abandoned, over-drilled, and cased legacy boreholes at the Mayer Ranch in Commerce, Oklahoma. The VFBR promoted metal sorption and precipitation as sulfides by established reducing conditions in the groundwater. To verify that operations were unhindered by nonuniform flow in the VFBR, a flow uniformity assessment was done using a streambed point velocity probe (SBPVP), which was independently validated with a water balance. The outflow calculated from the SBPVP data came within 30% of the value suggested by measured inflow rates to the pond, supporting the conclusion that flow through was occurring with a satisfactory level of uniformity. Water flow rates through the reactive bed were up to an order of magnitude greater than those employed in prior column testing, contributing to metal loading rates estimated to be 2 orders of magnitude greater than those tested in the columns. Rapid chemical reactions that likely occurred close to the pond water-sediment interface contributed to the treatment system achieving its design objectives. More information https://itrcweb.org/bcr-1/Content/Appendix%20B%20Case%20Studies/B2%20Mayer%20Ranch%20Commerce%20Site.htm