Guidance

Advances in the State of the Practice for Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation
Kucharzyk, K. and S. Rosansky.
Naval Facilities Engineering Command, TR-NAVFAC EXWC-EV-1806, 26 pp, 2018

Enhanced in situ bioremediation (EISB) is an engineered technology that introduces physical, chemical, and biological changes to the aquifer to create the conditions necessary for microorganisms to transform contaminants of concern to innocuous byproducts. Recent innovations and trends to facilitate successful application are introduced. While this document primarily discusses current industry-accepted best practices to design and apply EISB for chlorinated ethene remediation, it also discusses progress in identifying microorganisms capable of degrading 1,4-dioxane.

Aerobic Biodegradation of Oily Wastes: A Field Guidance Book for Federal On-Scene Coordinators
Version 1.0, October 2003
EPA Region 6

The objective of this field guide is to provide guidance (primarily to federal On-Scene Coordinators) in selecting and conducting land aerobic biodegradation of oil-contaminated wastes from inland oil spills, leaking/unplugged oil wells, abandoned oil refinery sites, pipeline ruptures, and tank failures. The first part of the field guide provides information to help evaluate the nature of the environment where land treatment is considered and a summary of the existing regulations and policies (in EPA Region 6). The second part provides an overview of the factors to be considered and studied when determining if land farming is a viable option and also discusses key points in the process design. The last part focuses on operation issues and provides useful tools and information for efficient management of aerobic land treatments.

Biopile Design and Construction Manual
Battelle.
NFESC, Technical Memorandum TM-2189-ENV, 1996a

This document details the selection procedures and design and construction steps for implementing biopile technology. The manual provides a general overview of biopile technology, followed by detailed descriptions of selection criteria, regulatory issues, design parameters, and construction procedures.

Biopile Operations and Maintenance Manual
Battelle
NFESC, Technical memorandum TM-2190-ENV, 1996b

This document details the operation and maintenance requirements for full-scale implementation of biopile treatment (at petroleum-contaminated sites). The manual provides a general overview of biopile technology and describes biopile management system approaches, sampling and analysis methods, regulatory interactions, and health and safety requirements. The manual serves as a basis to operate, maintain, and close out a biopile treatment system effectively and efficiently.

Biopiles. From Chapter 4 of How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers
EPA, 510-R-04-002, 1994

This chapter of the guide provides guidance on the design and construction of biopiles. The document provides information such as soil and contaminant characteristics that affect biopiles, as well as climatic conditions that influence biopile effectiveness. The chapter is intended to assist readers in evaluating a corrective action plan that proposes biopiles as a remedy (for petroleum-contaminated soil).

Biosparging. From Chapter 8 of How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers
EPA, 510-R-04-002, 1994

This chapter of the guide provides guidance on the design and construction of biosparging technology. The document provides information such as site and contaminant characteristics that affect biosparging, components of a biosparging system, evaluation of system design, and operation and monitoring plan evaluation. The chapter is intended to assist readers in evaluating a corrective action plan that proposes biosparging as a remedy (for petroleum-contaminated groundwater and soil).

Bioventing. From Chapter 3 of How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers
EPA, 510-R-04-002, 1994

This chapter of the guide provides guidance on the design and construction of bioventing systems. The document provides information such as site and contaminant characteristics that affect bioventing, components of a bioventing system, evaluation of system design, and operation and monitoring plan evaluation. The chapter is intended to assist readers in evaluating a corrective action plan that proposes bioventing as a remedy (for petroleum-contaminated soil).

Engineering Bulletin: Slurry Biodegradation
EPA, EPA 540-2-90-016, 1990

This document provides information on slurry biodegradation technology. It describes the effectiveness of slurry biodegradation on various contaminant groups, procedures for preparation of waste for slurry biodegradation, and site requirements, including equipment. Performance data for several contaminants is provided.

Enhanced Aerobic Bioremediation. Chapter 12 of How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers
EPA, 510-R-04-002, 2003

This document provides a description of several enhanced aerobic bioremediation technologies, such as injection of oxygen-releasing substances. It also describes considerations for design of enhanced bioremediation systems, including site and contaminant characteristics, design components, and system operation and monitoring.

In Situ Treatment Performance Monitoring: Issues and Best Practices
EPA 542-F-18-002, 2018

The purpose of this issue paper is to describe how in situ treatment technologies may impact sampling and analysis results used to monitor treatment performance and provide best practices to identify and mitigate issues that may affect sampling or analysis. This paper discusses eight potential sampling or analytical issues associated with groundwater monitoring at sites where in situ treatment technologies are applied. These issues are grouped under three topic areas: Issues related to monitoring wells (Section 2); Representativeness of monitoring wells (Section 3); Post-sampling artifacts (Section 4).

In Situ and Ex Situ Biodegradation Technologies for Remediation of Contaminated Sites
EPA, 625-R-06-015, 2006

This document summarizes current information on bioremediation. The issue paper is designed to help remedial project managers, on-scene coordinators, contractors, and other site managers understand the type of data and site characteristics needed to evaluate the technology for potential applicability to their specific sites. References and links are provided for additional information.

Land Farming. From Chapter 5 of How to Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies for Underground Storage Tank Sites: A Guide for Corrective Action Plan Reviewers
EPA, 510-R-04-002, 1994

This chapter of the guide provides guidance on the design and construction of land farming systems. The document provides information such as site and contaminant characteristics that affect land farming, components of a land farming system, evaluation of system design, and operation and monitoring plan evaluation. The chapter is intended to assist readers in evaluating a corrective action plan that proposes land farming as a remedy (for petroleum-contaminated soil).

Optimizing Injection Strategies and In Situ Remediation Performance
The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council Optimizing Injection Strategies and In Situ Remediation Performance Team. Report No. OIS-ISRP-1, 180 pp, 2020

This guidance describes how treatment ineffectiveness can be avoided through effective upfront characterization and design. It also provides the state of the practice based on firsthand knowledge and experiences for a broad audience, including environmental consultants, responsible parties, federal and state regulators, and community and tribal stakeholders. The document is divided into sections including remedial design characterization; amendment, dose and delivery design; implementation and feedback optimization, regulatory perspectives, community and tribal stakeholder considerations, and case studies.

Principles and Practices of Bioventing Volume I: Bioventing Principles
Leeson, Andrea and Robert E. Hinchee
AFCEE, 1996

This manual provides details on bioventing principles; site characterization; field treatability studies; system design, installation, and operation; process monitoring; site closure; and optional technologies to combine with bioventing if warranted. This first volume describes the basic principles of bioventing. The second volume focuses on bioventing design and process monitoring.

Principles and Practices of Bioventing Volume II: Bioventing Design
Leeson, Andrea and Robert E. Hinchee
AFCEE, 1996

This manual provides details on bioventing principles; site characterization; field treatability studies; system design, installation, and operation; process monitoring; site closure; and optional technologies to combine with bioventing if warranted. This first volume describes the basic principles of bioventing. The second volume focuses on bioventing design and process monitoring.

Standardized Procedures for Use of Nucleic Acid-Based Tools: Recommendations for Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Using qPCR
Lebron, C., P. Dennis, C. Acheson, N. Barros, D. Major, E. Petrovskis, F. Loeffler, K. Ritalahti, C. Yeager, E. Edwards, J. Hatt, and D. Ogles. SERDP Project ER-1561, 12 pp, 2014

SERDP project ER-1561 focused on identifying and minimizing the causes of variability during quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) enumeration of genes of interest in groundwater, with the goal of developing of the knowledge needed to standardize methods for collecting, preserving, transporting, storing, and processing environmental samples for qPCR analysis. This document summarizes the project conclusions and recommends procedures for using qPCR analyses that will provide data of sufficient accuracy and reproducibility to allow site management decisions regarding bioremediation or MNA. Further details are available in the ER-1561 Final Report (Lebron et al. 2014, 220 pages).

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