| There has been some question as to whether ground water contaminated with restricted RCRA hazardous wastes, which is extracted during a RCRA corrective action or CERCLA response action, must meet the best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) identified for that waste under the RCRA land disposal restrictions (LDRs) prior to each reinjection, in a pump-and-treat reinjection remediation system. This memorandum explains EPA's interpretation of whether the LDRs are applicable or (under CERCLA response actions only) relevant and appropriate to such reinjections or to the remediation as a whole. |
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View OSWER Directive #9234.1-06
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| This letter addresses the condition in section 3020(b)(2) that the contaminated ground water be treated to substantially reduce hazardous constituents prior to such injection. The substantial reduction of hazardous constituents required by 3020(b) may occur after reinjection. |
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| This guidance replaces previous Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response guidance regarding perchlorate under the National Oil and Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan, 40 CFR Part 300. Following the National Academy of Sciences' National Research Council review, EPA adopted a reference dose (RfD) for perchlorate of 0.0007 milligram/kilogram-day (mg/kg-day), and this guidance applies that to EPA's CERCLA program. This RfD leads to a Drinking Water Equivalent Level (DWEL) of 24.5 micrograms/liter (ug/L) or 24.5 parts per billion (ppb). |
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| Corrective Action Management Units, or 'CAMUs,' are special units created under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) to facilitate treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous wastes managed for implementing cleanup, and to remove the disincentives to cleanup that the application of RCRA to these wastes can sometimes impose. The original CAMU regulations were promulgated on February 16, 1993, and amended on January 22, 2002. |
View Summary of Original CAMU Regulations (Feb 16, 1993)
View Amendments (Jan 27, 2002)
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| This 4/29/96 directive describes EPA initiatives to facilitate the testing, demonstration, and use of innovative cleanup and field measurement technologies and stresses EPA's commitment to promoting environmental technology development and commercialization. |
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| The purpose of this fact sheet is to encourage even wider use of Electronic Data Deliverables (EDDs) by explaining their importance and how to ensure that your site data are submitted electronically. The EDD Fact Sheet Appendix provides supplemental information on what to request in EDDs, how electronic data are shared, examples of data to submit electronically, and links to EDD guidance. |
EPA 542-F-11-010
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Download Appendix (788KB/4pp/PDF)
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of the emerging contaminant 1,4-Dioxane, including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. 1,4-Dioxane is a probable carcinogen and has been found in ground water at sites throughout the United States. The physical and chemical properties and behavior of 1,4-Dioxane create challenges for its characterization and treatment. It is highly mobile and has not been shown to readily biodegrade in the environment. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers faced with addressing 1,4-Dioxane at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies and for those in a position to consider whether 1,4-Dioxane should be added to the analytical suite for site investigations. |
EPA 505-F-14-011
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of nanomaterials (NMs) as emerging contaminants, including their physical and chemical properties; potential environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. Because of their unique properties, NMs are increasingly being used in a wide range of scientific, environmental, industrial, and medicinal applications. However, there is a growing concern about the lack of environmental health and safety data. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers and other field personnel who may need to address or use NMs at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. |
EPA 505-F-14-002
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of the emerging contaminants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. PBB has been banned in the United States since 1973, when PBB accidentally mixed into animal feed exposed 9 million people to contaminated dairy products, eggs, and meat. In contrast, PBDEs have been in widespread use in the U.S. since the 1970s; however, there is growing concern about their persistence in the environment and their tendency to bioaccumulate in the food chain. Since PBDEs and PBBs belong to the same class of brominated hydrocarbons and their chemical structures are similar, they are both discussed in this fact sheet. This fact sheet provides basic information on PBDEs and PBBs to site managers and other field personnel who may encounter these contaminants at cleanup sites. |
EPA 505-F-14-006
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| This fact sheet provides a brief summary of dinitrotoluene (DNT), including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; and detection and treatment methods. DNT is a nitroaromatic explosive that exists as six isomers: 2,4- and 2,6-DNT are the two major forms of the chemical. It does not naturally occur in the environment but is commonly found deposited at military ranges or found in the waste streams of DNT manufacturing or processing facilities due to its widespread use in the production of munitions, polyurethane foams, and other chemical products. Because of its moderate solubility and relatively low volatility, DNT is expected to remain in water for long periods of time unless degraded by light, oxygen, or biota. As a result, releases to water are important sources of human exposure. DNT is considered toxic to most organisms, with identified adverse effects in the blood, nervous system, liver, and kidney in animals after exposure. EPA has classified the mixture of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT as a Class B2 (probable human) carcinogen. To address these potential health effects, health-based goals, exposure limits, and state drinking water guidelines have been developed. |
EPA 505-F-17-010
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| This presentation was prepared by Jessica Bawden during an internship with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, sponsored by the Environmental Careers Organization. Emerging contaminants (ECs) include a subset of chemical compounds not monitored closely by regulatory agencies in the past but now determined to pose potential threat to human health and the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other federal or state agencies recognize that a more complete understanding of EC threats is needed to potentially regulate ECs and address associated site cleanups. |
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| This document was prepared by Tiffany Portoghese, a National Network of Environmental Management Studies grantee under a fellowship from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This report is intended to provide a basic summary of new initiatives within the EPA. It contains information gathered from a range of currently available sources, including project documents, reports, periodicals, Internet searches, and personal communication with involved parties. |
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| This guidance was developed to support implementation of Superfund Reform Initiative 9a: Risk Sharing. Under this initiative, EPA agrees to share the risk of implementing innovative remediation technologies which have potential for improved performance and reduced costs. |
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View Directive
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| This guidance document presents a framework for developing and implementing technically defensible Monitoring Plans for hazardous waste sites. In support of the One Hazardous Waste Cleanup Program, this document was written in direct response to, and for, site managers who are legally responsible for managing removal and remedial site activities. It is intended for use at hazardous waste sites that have completed site characterization, risk assessment, and remedy selection and are in the process of implementing a removal action or site mitigation. |
Download (364K/64pp/PDF)
More Information on the One Cleanup Program
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| This document provides information and guidance to base environmental coordinators, site project managers and other decision makers within the Army for the purposes of improving the decision making process at sites with contaminated groundwater. The document provides background information on the limitations to groundwater cleanup in highly complex and heterogeneous aquifer systems that are impacted by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). A decision framework is proposed consistent with regulatory guidance on the issue of technical impracticability to assist the site manager or other designated person in selecting a cost effective groundwater remedial strategy that can be accepted by all stakeholders. The primary objective of the document is to ensure that the Army, while fulfilling all its legal obligations at impacted sites, achieves an acceptable balance between expenditures, based on lifecycle costing, and reduction in risks to human health and the environment. |
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| The purpose of this manual is to enhance coordination across U.S. EPA, State, and local waste and water programs to streamline requirements, satisfy multiple objectives, tap into a variety of funding sources, and implement restoration activities more efficiently, with a goal of showing measurable results. The manual provides a road map to conducting cross-programmatic watershed assessments and cleanups in watersheds with both water and waste program issues and presents innovative tools to enhance program integration. Finally, the manual provides guidance on integrating assessment and cleanup activities to optimize available tools and resources and thus help restore contaminated waters and sediments efficiently and effectively. |
EPA 540-K-07-001
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| The Environmental Protection Agency is amending a variety of testing and monitoring requirements in the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) hazardous and nonhazardous solid waste regulations and for certain Clean Air Act (CAA) regulations that relate to hazardous waste combustors. These amendments allow more flexibility when conducting RCRA-related sampling and analysis by removing from the regulations a requirement to use the methods found in '‘Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods,' also known as 'SW–846,' in conducting various testing and monitoring and by limiting required uses of an SW–846 method to circumstances where the method is the only one capable of measuring the particular property (i.e., the method is used to measure a required method-defined parameter). |
Download Federal Register Notice (782K/56pp/PDF)
Visit Methods Innovation Rule (MIR) Web Site
SW-846 Manual
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| This action promulgates national emission standards for hazardous air pollutants (NESHAP) from site remediations. The final rule implements the Clean Air Act (CAA) section 112(d) to control hazardous air pollutants (HAP) emissions at major sources where remediation technologies and practices are used at the site to clean up contaminated environmental media (e.g., soils, groundwaters, or surface waters) or certain stored or disposed materials that pose a reasonable potential threat to contaminate environmental media. |
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| This document summarizes contaminant occurrence findings for 30 regulated contaminants in support of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Six-Year Review of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations ('Six-Year Review'). Included is detailed information regarding each contaminant's occurrence in drinking water and related information relevant to initial exposure assessments. Brief reviews regarding each contaminant's production, uses and occurrence in ambient water are also included. |
EPA 815-D-02-006
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| The RCRA Permit Policy Compendium is a compilation of reference documents for RCRA hazardous waste permitting policies and procedures. The Compendium consists of EPA's RCRA permitting policies and procedures, reference memoranda, letters, Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) Directives, and other documents that are the cornerstone of implementation of the RCRA permit program. |
EPA 530-R-95-038A
More Information
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| This guidance is the sixth annex of the Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund (RAGS), Volume I, which address human health risk at Superfund sites. Parts A, B, C, D and E of Volume I addressed other aspects of human health risk. RAGS Part F was developed by a workgroup composed of toxicologists and risk assessors in the EPA Superfund Program and other hazardous waste programs in EPA regional offices, with significant involvement from the Office of Research and Development (ORD), the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), the Office of Children's Health Protection and Environmental Education (OCHPEE), and the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER), This guidance received internal EPA review in July 2007 and external peer review and state risk assessor review in April-May 2008. |
EPA-540-R-070-002
Download Guidance for Superfund Volume I: Part F, Supplemental Guidance for Inhalation Risk Assessment (725KB/68pp/PDF)
Download Memorandum: Part F of Volume I of Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual (487KB/3pp/PDF)
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| This document was prepared by Gabriel Sampson, a National Network for Environmental Management Studies (NNEMS) grantee under a fellowship from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This paper examines the current nature of solar energy developments on closed landfills using the following focal areas: (1) solar power system considerations with respect to landfill applications, (2) landfill technical and engineering considerations, and (3) regulatory considerations. Research results indicate that numerous engineering techniques and solar technologies are available to facilitate the placement of solar energy systems on closed landfills. Results also indicate that the permitting and regulatory process is complicated by disparate but specific state and local government requirements. Though this study focuses narrowly on the technical and regulatory affairs of constructing solar farms on closed landfills, it also has applications to the placement of solar energy systems in broader settings. The views detailed in this study are designed to inform decision makers and stakeholders and to facilitate the design, construction, and operation of future solar installations on closed landfills. |
Download (1.3MB/36pp/PDF)
View Archive of Sep 9, 2009 Seminar
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| The purpose of this memorandum is to provide information concerning the status of the interim assessment guidance for perchlorate originally transmitted on June 18, 1999 (the '1999 Interim Guidance'). This memorandum was developed in response to requests from EPA Programs, Regions and individual states for a clarification concerning the Agency’s guidance in light of more recent assessment activities. As an interim measure and in the absence of a finalized oral health risk benchmark for perchlorate, EPA is reaffirming the 1999 interim guidance. The 1999 interim guidance may be replaced upon finalization of the 2002 Draft Assessment. |
View Memorandum (41K/PDF)
View 1999 Interim Guidance (225K/PDF)
Visit CLU-IN Perchlorate Remediation Resources
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| This document sets forth EPA's strategy (Strategy) for ensuring that institutional controls (ICs) are successfully implemented at Superfund sites, with an emphasis on evaluating ICs at sites where all construction of all remedies is complete (construction complete sites). This Strategy will serve as a roadmap for EPA regional and headquarters personnel in preparing Region specific action plans and conducting the work necessary to ensure the proper implementation of ICs at Superfund sites. This work includes gathering and entering information in the Institutional Controls Tracking System (ICTS), evaluating the data generated through ICTS, prioritizing and conducting site-specific followup activities, building the capacity to better manage and review IC information, and coordinating with other interested parties. |
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| This Directive provides a compilation of some key existing EPA groundwater policies to assist EPA Regions in making groundwater restoration decisions pursuant to the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the National Contingency Plan (NCP). |
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Download (2.3MB/11pp/PDF)
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| In the OSWER Directive No. 9200.0-33, Transmittal of Final FY’00 - FY’01 Superfund Reforms Strategy, dated July 7, 2000, the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response outlined a commitment to optimize our Fund-lead pump and treat (P&T) systems. The Optimization Initiative is intended to encourage systematic review and modification to existing P&T systems to enhance overall remedy effectiveness and cost effectiveness, without compromising protectiveness or other objectives of the Superfund program. It provides EPA an opportunity to demonstrate our commitment to effective management of our long-term remedies. This effort recognizes that remedial approaches should not remain static, that site conditions change over time, and that better tools and strategies have evolved which allow us to continuously improve the performance of the remedy. This reform initiative does not signal any change in EPA’s decision-making framework for selecting remedies that are protective of human health and the environment. Any remedy modifications should be carried out in accordance with existing guidance and policy regarding ROD modifications and the Administrative Record. |
Download Implementation Memorandum (17K/PDF)
Download Implementation Plan (24K/PDF)
Download Fact Sheet (16K/PDF)
Download Draft Administrative and Technical Resources (10K/PDF)
Questions and Answers (16K/PDF)
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| The Superfund Response Action Contractor Indemnification Rule (58 FR 5972), which was issued on 1/25/93, includes provisions that allow lower deductibles for contractors using innovative treatment technologies. |
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View Summary of the Federal Register Notice
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| The Superfund Response Action Contractor Indemnification Rule (58 FR 5972), which was issued on 1/25/93, includes provisions that allow lower deductibles for contractors using innovative treatment technologies. |
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View Summary of the Federal Register Notice
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), including its physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. While TNT is not identified as an emerging contaminant by the Department of Defense (DoD), this compound accounts for a large part of the explosives contamination at active and former U.S. military installations. With its manufacturing impurities and environmental transformation products, TNT presents various health and environmental concerns. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers and field personnel who may address TNT contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. |
EPA 505-F-17-009
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of the emerging contaminants Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), including its physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. RDX is a secondary explosive that is used extensively by the U.S. military in the manufacturing of explosives. With its manufacturing impurities and environmental transformation products, this compound accounts for a large part of the explosives contamination at active and former U.S. military installations. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers and field personnel who may address RDX contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. |
EPA 505-F-17-008
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of the emerging contaminant N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. NDMA is an emerging drinking water contaminant that is of interest to the environmental community because of its miscibility with water, as well as its carcinogenicity and toxicity. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers and other field personnel who may address NDMA contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. |
EPA 505-F-17-005
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of the emerging contaminant perchlorate, including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. Perchlorate is a persistent contaminant of concern that has presented a number of issues to the government, the private sector, and other organizations and interested parties. These issues include health effects and risk, regulatory standards and cleanup levels, degradation processes, and treatment technologies. This fact sheet provides basic information on perchlorate to site managers and other field personnel who are addressing perchlorate contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. |
EPA 505-F-17-003
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary for tungsten, including: physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. Tungsten was originally considered a metal that remains stable in soil and did not dissolve easily in water. However, it is now a growing concern to EPA and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) because recent research indicates that tungsten may not be as stable as was indicated in earlier studies. Furthermore, varying soil properties such as pH may cause tungsten to dissolve and leach into the underlying aquifer. Currently, little information is available about the fate and transport of tungsten in the environment and its effects on human health. Research about tungsten is ongoing and includes health effects and risks, degradation processes, and an inventory of its use in the defense industry as a substitute for lead-based munitions. This fact sheet provides basic information on tungsten to site managers and other field personnel who may be faced with tungsten contamination at cleanup sites. |
EPA 505-F-17-006
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| This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. EPA Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a brief summary of the emerging contaminant 1,2,3-trichloropropane (TCP), including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and sources of additional information. TCP is an emerging contaminant of interest to the government, private sector, and other parties. It is recognized by the State of California to cause cancer and is a known toxin. The State of Hawaii has established a state maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 0.6 micrograms per liter (µg/L). This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers and other field personnel in addressing TCP contamination at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies. |
EPA 505-F-17-007
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| A draft of the final guidance document 'Technical Impracticability Waivers: Guidelines for Site Applicability and the Application Process' is presented in this report. The purpose of the final document is to present information on technical impracticability (TI) waivers, including the definition of 'technical impracticability', the regulatory implications of a TI Waiver, the TI application process, review process and final documentation of TI Decisions. The guidance document will use case studies from sites that have already obtained TI Waivers to illustrate how this process works in reality, how it may vary with individual sites and how it may vary within different EPA regions. |
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| The Treatability Study Sample Exclusion Rule (59 FR 8362) was revised on 2/18/94 to increase the quantity limits up to 10,000 kilograms of contaminated media for treatability studies that may be conditionally exempt from RCRA permitting and manifest requirements. |
View Federal Register Notice
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| This is the fifth in a series of two-year reports which summarize the progress made through implementation of the Superfund Administrative Reform. Since this reform was announced on October 5, 1995, the Superfund program has continuously tracked national progress from updating remedies. This summary report shows that in FY04 and FY05, EPA updated more than 130 remedies, reducing estimated future cleanup costs by more than $260 million. |
EPA-540-R-06-07
Download (1.2 MB/83pp/PDF)
Download Four Previous Summary Reports
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| This Directive provides guidance to EPA staff, the public, and the regulated community on how EPA intends to exercise its discretion in implementing national policy on the use of Monitored Natural Attenuation for the remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater at sites regulated under Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response (OSWER) programs. |
View Directive
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| This new MNA directive for inorganic contaminants expands on and is designed to be a companion to the 1999 MNA guidance. Both policy directives say that multiple lines of evidence should be obtained to evaluate the feasibility of including MNA in the site's selected response action as well as tiered analysis of site characteristics that control and sustain attenuation. This new guidance recommends a phased analytical approach tailored specifically for inorganic contaminants. |
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