| The purpose of this Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is to outline the steps for the analysis of air samples collected on either sorbent tubes or in SUMMA® canisters by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). |
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| Provides guidance in developing and implementing sampling plans to assess the impact of hazardous waste sites on ambient air. |
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| Provide general field sampling guidelines that will assist SERAS personnel in choosing sampling strategies, location, and frequency for proper assessment of site characteristics. |
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| This report is intended to provide a status report for researchers and practitioners on federal projects that are using noninvasive geophysical techniques to locate DNAPLs in the subsurface. |
EPA 542-R-98-020
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| The purpose of this manual is to provide detailed technical guidance and procedures for compliance with Engineer Regulation (ER) 1110-1-8156. The regulation establishes general criteria and presents policy and guidance for the acquisition, processing, storage, distribution, and utilization of nontactical geospatial data throughout the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Detailed technical guidance and requirements are stated, and standards for Geospatial Data and Systems are identified. |
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| This document provides a detailed report about a field study conducted by EQM/URS on behalf of EPA's National Risk Management Research Laboratory to characterize the subsurface contamination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a Brownfield commercial site. The Triad approach was implemented to characterize the extent of soil, groundwater, and soil gas contamination. These data were used to assess impact on indoor air due to vapor intrusion. Seventy-seven soil samples, twenty-eight groundwater samples, and ten soil-gas samples were collected from Geoprobe(TM) borings and analyzed on-site by USEPA Method SW-846 8265 direct sampling ion trap mass spectrometry (DSTIMS). Additional SW-8260b and TO-15 analyses were performed on approximately 10% of the samples by off-site laboratories. Tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE) and cis-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE) were detected in all media with PCE as the prevalent compound. |
EPA 540-R-07-002
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| Approximately 100 yrs. ago a crude oil pipeline with 28 pumping stations ran through northern New Jersey. Although now defunct, over the years oil from the Newfoundland Pumping Station has entered the soil. With the heavy rains of 1998, 120,000 gallons of crude oil broke through the confining layer of the subsurface and threatened the Charlottsburg Reservoir. A subsurface pumping mechanism is being used to interfere with the oil flow to the reservoir and recover enough oil to eliminate any threat to the area, protecting the historic and environmentally sensitive surroundings. Running time is 6 minutes. |
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| The goal of the green remediation best management practice (BMP) fact sheets is to share technical information on best practices that build sustainability into contaminated site cleanup operations across the portfolio of remediation approaches. This updated fact sheet includes new BMPs gathered from projects across the country and describes how climate resilience is being built into our sites to ensure continued remedy protectiveness. The fact sheet also highlights synergies between green remediation and climate adaptation practices, where one action provides both greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and climate resilience. Examples are BMPs involving use of renewable energy, green infrastructure or carbon sequestering vegetation that mitigate GHG emissions and add resilience to ongoing climate change. The fact sheet also highlights how advanced practices gleaned from Superfund's optimization and technical support work, such as three-dimensional and high-resolution imaging techniques for site characterization, support more precise remedies with smaller environmental footprints. |
EPA 542-F-21-028
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| Cleanup of hazardous waste sites can involve significant consumption of gasoline, diesel, or other fuels by mobile and stationary sources. Minimizing emission of air pollutants such as greenhouse gases (GHGs) and particulate matter (PM) resulting from cleanup activities, including those needing fossil or alternative fuel, is a core element of green remediation strategies. Efforts to reduce these emissions during site investigation, remedial or corrective actions, and long-term operation and maintenance (O&M) must meet regulatory requirements under the Clean Air Act (CAA) and state air quality standards as well as federal and state cleanup programs. Deployment of green remediation BMPs can help reduce negative impacts of cleanup activities on public health and the environment. |
EPA 542-F-23-001
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| Excavation of soil, sediment or waste material is often undertaken at contaminated sites to address immediate risk to human health or the environment; prepare for implementation of remediation technologies and construction of supporting infrastructure; and address contaminant hot spots in soil or sediment. The excavation and subsequent backfilling processes rely on use of heavy earth-moving machinery and often involve managing large volumes of material. Many opportunities exist to reduce the environmental footprint of the various cleanup activities and improve ultimate restoration of the disturbed land, surface water and ecosystems. This fact sheet outlines specific best management practices (BMPs) that can be used to minimize the environmental footprint concerning emission of air pollutants and use of water, energy, and other resources at excavation sites. The refined set of BMPs is based on recent experiences reported by regulators, property owners, cleanup service contractors and other stakeholders in the cleanup community. |
EPA 542-F-19-002
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| Over recent years, the use of in situ thermal technologies such as electrical resistance heating, thermal conductive heating, and steam enhanced extraction to remediate contaminated sites has notably increased. The U.S. EPA's latest (13th) green remediation "BMP fact sheet" describes processes, equipment, and analytical tools that can be used to reduce the environmental footprint of applying these technologies, which typically involves significant energy consumption. The best management practices (BMPs) address other core elements of a greener cleanup: reducing air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions, reducing water use and negative impacts on water resources, improving materials management and waste reduction efforts, and protecting ecosystem services. The BMPS may be used during design, construction, operation and maintenance, and/or monitoring of an in situ thermal project. |
EPA 542-F-12-029
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| The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Principles for Greener Cleanups outline the Agency's policy for evaluating and minimizing the environmental footprint of activities involved in cleaning up contaminated sites. management practices (BMPs) identified in EPA's series of green remediation fact sheets can help project managers and other stakeholders apply the principles on a routine basis, while maintaining the cleanup objectives, ensuring protectiveness of a remedy, and improving its environmental outcome. Renewable energy provides a significant opportunity to minimize energy- and air-related contributions to the environmental footprint of cleaning up hazardous waste sites. Use of renewable energy during site cleanup also can decrease burdens on local power grids and provide a backup supply of power. |
EPA 542-F-22-001
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| The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Principles for Greener Cleanups outline the Agency's policy for evaluating and minimizing the environmental 'footprint' of activities undertaken when cleaning up a contaminated site. Use of the best management practices (BMPs) recommended in EPA’s series of green remediation fact sheets can help project managers and other stakeholders apply the principles on a routine basis while maintaining the cleanup objectives, ensuring protectiveness of a remedy, and improving its environmental outcome. Remediation at thousands of sites across the United States involves hazardous waste from former industrial landfills or waste piles, aged municipal landfills, or illegal dumps. A cover system is commonly installed at these areas as part of proper closure to serve as a surface barrier that contains the source material, reduces contaminant exposure or migration, and manages associated risk. The environmental footprint of activities needed to install and maintain a cover system can be reduced by adhering to EPA's Principles for Greener Cleanups. |
EPA 542-F-11-024
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| This fact sheet describes best management practices (BMPs) that can be used to reduce the environmental footprint of cleanup activities associated with common project components, cleanup phases, and implementation of remediation technologies. The BMPs for mining sites focus on strategies to minimize the environmental footprint of characterizing mining influenced water, using passive treatment systems, and installing soil covers and on approaches for integrating onsite renewable energy, reclaiming residual and natural resources, and integrating cleanup with site restoration and reuse plans. |
EPA 542-F-12-028
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| Contaminated site cleanups involving complex activities may benefit from a detailed environmental footprint analysis to inform decision-making about application of suitable best management practices for greener cleanups. The U.S. EPA's two-page fact sheet explains how EPA's methodology provides a roadmap for conducting such an analysis and summarizes the Agency's preferred metrics and processes when an analysis is conducted. |
EPA 542-F-22-003
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| The goal of these fact sheets is to share technical information on best practices that build sustainability into contaminated site cleanup operations across the portfolio of remediation approaches. The updated fact sheet includes new BMPs gathered from projects across the country and describes how climate resilience is being built into our sites to ensure continued remedy protectiveness. The fact sheet also highlights synergies between green remediation and climate adaptation practices, where one action provides both greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and climate resilience. Examples are BMPs involving use of renewable energy, green infrastructure or carbon sequestering vegetation that mitigate GHG emissions and add resilience to ongoing climate change. The fact sheet also highlights how advanced practices gleaned from Superfund's optimization and technical support work, such as reclaiming and reusing treated water for beneficial purposes, help reduce the environmental footprint of remedies. |
EPA 542-F-21-029
Download (229KB/6pp/PDF)
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| The U.S. EPA Principles for Greener Cleanups outline the Agency's policy for evaluating and minimizing the environmental 'footprint' of activities undertaken when cleaning up a contaminated site. Use of the best management practices (BMPs) recommended in EPA's series of green remediation fact sheets can help project managers and other stakeholders apply the Principles on a routine basis, while maintaining the cleanup objectives, ensuring protectiveness of a remedy, and improving its environmental outcome. Site investigations typically involve sampling of soil and groundwater using various drilling and well installation technologies and analysis of samples at offsite laboratories. Investigations also may include sampling of sediment, surface water, soil gas, or indoor air; searching for underground storage tanks (USTs) or other buried objects; or evaluating demolition material containing asbestos, lead-based paint, or other toxic products. |
EPA 542-F-16-002
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| The U.S. EPA estimates that approximately 65,450 releases of petroleum or hazardous substances from federally regulated underground storage tanks (USTs) had not yet reached the "cleanup completed" milestone as of September 2018. The Association of State and Territorial Solid Waste Management Officials (ASTSWMO) estimates that in 2017, alone, state cleanup funds collectively spent approximately $1.113 billion in cleaning up UST releases. Use of green remediation best management practices (BMPs) can help minimize the environmental footprint of cleanup activities at UST-contaminated sites and improve overall outcomes of the corrective actions. In accordance with the EPA Principles for Greener Cleanups, BMPs outlined in the updated "Green Remediation Best Management Practices: Sites with Leaking Underground Storage Tanks" fact sheet are intended to complement federal requirements for corrective actions at UST-contaminated sites and may enhance state-administered UST program requirements. |
EPA 542-F-19-001
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| The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Principles for Greener Cleanups outline the Agency's policy for evaluating and minimizing the environmental footprint of activities involved in cleaning up contaminated sites. Use of the best management practices (BMPs) recommended in EPA's series of green remediation fact sheets can help project managers and other stakeholders apply the principles on a routine basis, while maintaining the cleanup objectives, ensuring protectiveness of a remedy, and improving its environmental outcome. Soil vapor extraction (SVE) is used at certain sites to address volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are sorbed to soil within the unsaturated zone. An SVE system extracts air from, or sometimes injects air into, the vadose zone to strip the VOCs from soil and transfer the vapors to an aboveground treatment system for destruction or recovery. In contrast, air sparging (AS) involves injecting air into contaminated groundwater to drive volatile and semi-volatile contaminants into the overlying vadose zone by way of volatilization. The vapors are then removed from the vadose zone, typically by a co-located SVE system. Cleanup at some sites also may require mitigation of vapor intrusion (VI) into nearby buildings until remediation of soil or groundwater is complete. |
EPA 542-F-22-002
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| The U.S. EPA Principles for Greener Cleanups outline the Agency’s policy for evaluating and
minimizing the environmental footprint of activities involved in cleaning up contaminated sites. Best management practices (BMPs) of green remediation involve specific activities to address the core elements of greener cleanups. Remediation at thousands of sites across the United States involves addressing hazardous waste from former industrial landfills, aged municipal landfills, illegal dumps or waste piles. A final cover system is commonly installed in these areas as part of proper closure to serve as a surface barrier that contains the source material, reduces contaminant exposure pathways or migration, and manages associated risk. Green remediation BMPs can help meet sustainability and in some cases climate resilience goals associated with site cleanup projects. When properly designed and maintained, a final cover system could provide opportunities to reuse a site for purposes such as renewable energy production and greenspace preservation. Such land use may greatly benefit communities experiencing the negative impacts of environmental contamination from local sources such as aged landfills and illegal dumps. |
EPA 542-F-23-002
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| Green remediation is the practice of considering environmental impacts of remediation activities at every stage of the remedial process in order to maximize the net environmental benefit of a cleanup. In that spirit, this study seeks to identify cleanup projects employing renewable, sustainable energy sources and/or alternative fuels for site remediation. The report describes 19 pilot-scale and full scale projects applying renewable energy to power various remedial system components, and provides a preliminary analysis of potential areas of expansion. Amanda Dellens' research and production of this paper was supported by a National Network of Environmental Management Studies fellowship from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. |
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| Green remediation is the practice of considering all environmental effects of remedy implementation and incorporating options to maximize net environmental benefit of cleanup actions. This primer outlines the principles of green remediation and describes opportunities to reduce the footprint of cleanup activities throughout the life of a project. Best management practices (BMPs) outlined in this document help decision-makers, communities, and other stakeholders (such as project managers, field staff, and engineering contractors) identify new strategies in terms of sustainability. These strategies complement rather than replace the process used to select primary remedies that best meet site-specific cleanup goals. The primer identifies the range of alternatives available to improve sustainability of cleanup activities and to help decision-makers balance the alternatives within existing regulatory frameworks. To date, EPA's sustainability initiatives have addressed a broader scope or focused on individual elements of green remediation such as clean energy. |
EPA 542-R-08-002
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| The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has launched a "greener cleanup bulletin" series to provide periodic news about environmental footprint reductions at specific sites undergoing cleanup. As the first in the series, Use of the ASTM Standard Guide for Greener Cleanups at the North Ridge Estates Superfund Site summarizes EPA's application of the ASTM Standard Guide for Greener Cleanups (E2893-13) to plan remediation at operable unit 1 of the North Ridge Estates site near Klamath Falls, Oregon. Use of the standard guide helped project staff screen, prioritize and select BMPs that were incorporated into the design and construction contracts for the remedy, which involves extensive excavation and soil cap construction. |
EPA 542-F-15-011
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A newsletter that provides descriptions and performance data for developments in innovative ground water treatment.
Note: Ground Water Currents has been replaced by Technology News and Trends, a technology newsletter for environmental professionals published by EPA's Technology Innovation Program (TIP). Both Tech Trends and Ground Water Currents, which have been published for the past 10 years, have been combined to form Technology News and Trends. The new newsletter features a combination of articles on innovative, in-situ technologies for the characterization and treatment of soil, sediment, and ground water. |
EPA 542-N-02-002
View Technology News and Trends
Browse or Search Index of Past Issues
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| This paper summarizes the basic concepts of soil science as related to hazardous wastes and serves as a foundation from which to build a thorough understand of soil processes. |
EPA 540-S-98-500
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| This report was published by the U.S. EPA Ground Water Forum and the National Risk Management Research Laboratory. The purpose of this Issue Paper is to provide scientists and engineers responsible for assessing remediation technologies with background information on MNA processes at mining-impacted sites. Some of the key issues concerning the application of natural attenuation for inorganic contaminants are discussed, such as the geochemical mechanisms responsible for attenuation, attenuation capacity, monitoring parameters, and evaluating whether attenuated metal and metalloid contaminants will remain immobile. |
EPA 600-R-07-092
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| The purpose of this Issue Paper is to provide those involved in assessing remediation technologies with some basic information regarding monitored natural attenuation (MNA) processes, specifically in determining overall contribution of microbial processes. |
EPA 540-S-99-001
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| This document provides a framework for assessing the presence of DNAPL and delineating the spatial extent of the DNAPL source zone, a priority at many sites due to the increasing use of in situ remediation technologies. The described strategy expands the applicability of the document to include both unconsolidated deposits and fractured bedrock, and encourage an iterative, flexible site investigation approach. |
EPA 600-R-09-119
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| This issue paper has been developed to highlight technical considerations as well as technical resources available to Remedial Project Managers (RPMs) in conducting Five-Year Reviews (FYRs) at CERCLA sites with contaminated groundwater. While it has been developed with the needs of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) RPMs in mind, it may also be helpful to other federal and state agencies that have the lead for conducting FYRs and may assist EPA staff in reviewing those FYRs. |
EPA 542-F-15-010
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| This document provides sampling guidelines primarily for ground-water monitoring wells that have a screen or open interval with a length of ten feet or less and which can accept a sampling device. Procedures that minimize disturbance to the aquifer will yield the most representative ground-water samples. This document provides a summary of current and/or recommended ground-water sampling procedures. These guidelines are intended to assist in developing sampling plans using the project-specific goals and objectives. However, unusual and/or site-specific circumstances may require approaches other than those specified in this document. In these instances, the appropriate Regional hydrologists/geologists should be contacted to establish alternative protocols |
EPA 542-S-02-001
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| This report summarizes information about the groundwater remediation systems at 28 sites across the United States at which completed or ongoing groundwater cleanup programs are in place, including: design, operation, and performance of the systems; capital, operating, and unit costs of the systems; and factors that potentially affect the cost and performance of the systems. Data from the case studies are compared and contrasted to assist those involved in evaluating and selecting remedies for groundwater contamination at hazardous waste sites. Of the 28 case study sites, 24 are Superfund remedial actions, one is a Superfund removal action, one is a state cleanup, and two are Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) corrective actions. The sites are located throughout the U.S. and include a range of site types and hydrogeological conditions. |
EPA 542-R-99-006
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| This report reviews DOD's current use of groundwater remediation technologies and the extent to which the department is researching and developing new approaches. The Department of Defense has used, or at least tested, all of the generally accepted technologies currently available to remediate contaminated groundwater, including several alternatives to the most costly and timely pump-and-treat alternative. This report does not identify any alternative groundwater remediation technologies being used or developed outside the department that DOD has not considered or used. |
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| This report reviews and provides recommendations for improving a groundwater monitoring network for the Delatte Metals Superfund site. The Delatte Metals site consists of former battery recycling facilities located just outside of Ponchatoula, Louisiana. The primary goal of optimizing the groundwater monitoring strategy at the Delatte Metals site is to create a dataset that fully supports site management decisions while minimizing the time and expense associated with collecting and interpreting data. The recommendations contained in this report are intended to further develop understanding of the site conceptual model and management objectives and to support the development of a comprehensive management strategy for the future, within the context of CERCLA and the NCP. This report outlines recommendations based on a formal evaluation, but final determination of any sampling locations and frequencies are to be decided by the overseeing regulatory agencies. |
EPA 542-R-09-013
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| This report summarizes Phase 1 (the data collection phase) of the Nationwide Fund-lead Pump and Treat Optimization Project. This phase included contacting a project liaison for each of the EPA Regions, identifying the Fund-lead pump-and-treat (P&T) systems in each Region, collecting baseline information about each system through a web-based questionnaire or phone interview, and selecting a total of 20 Fund-lead systems to receive RSEs. Four of the 20 P&T systems (two in Region 4 and two in Region 5) were previously selected and evaluated as part of a demonstration project completed in 2000. |
EPA 542-R-01-021
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Over a 17-year period from 1982 through 1999, more than 2,200 Records of Decision (RODs) have been signed for 1,451 Superfund sites, including 989 RODs addressing the remediation of contaminated groundwater at 787 Superfund sites. Groundwater remediation continues to be a priority for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and remedies that have been specified in RODs for groundwater remediation include treatment (including groundwater pump and treat [P&T] and in situ treatment) and monitored natural attenuation (MNA).
This report documents the selection of groundwater treatment and MNA remedies at Superfund remedial action sites. It presents data on groundwater treatment and MNA remedy decisions and analyzes trends in these decisions over time. The focus of this report is on groundwater treatment and MNA remedies that result in a reduction of contaminant concentrations or mobility. Groundwater containment and groundwater-other remedies are not addressed. |
EPA 542-R-01-022
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| This guidance is designed to encourage more widespread consideration of Direct Push Technologies (DPT) by clarifying how DPT can be used to meet a variety of data quality requirements for a variety of site conditions. This document focuses on groundwater sampling issues related to DPT, in particular those regarding the quality and usability of the groundwater data. The primary audience for this guidance is EPA regional staff working on CERCLA, RCRA, and other related programs. |
EPA 540-R-04-005
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| Identifies information resources intended to aid users in remedial decisions. Includes abstracts of field reports and guidance documents |
EPA 542-B-94-009
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View Matrix
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| Provides general information on sampling groundwater wells and ensures that the sample is representative of the particular groundwater zone being sampled. |
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| The report provides guidance to superfund remedial project managers, on-scene coordinators, facility owners, and potentially responsible parties for conducting an air pathway analysis for landfill gas emissions under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act, and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act. The document provides procedures and a set of tools for evaluating LFG emissions to ambient air, subsurface vapor migration due to landfill gas pressure gradients, and subsurface vapor intrusion into buildings. The air pathway analysis is used to evaluate the inhalation risks to offsite receptors as well as the hazards of both onsite and offsite methane explosions and landfill fires Summary examples of the application of these procedures and tools to three Superfund sites are included. |
EPA 600-R-05-123a
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| This guidance was developed to support implementation of Superfund Reform Initiative 9a: Risk Sharing. Under this initiative, EPA agrees to share the risk of implementing innovative remediation technologies which have potential for improved performance and reduced costs. |
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| This guidance document presents a framework for developing and implementing technically defensible Monitoring Plans for hazardous waste sites. In support of the One Hazardous Waste Cleanup Program, this document was written in direct response to, and for, site managers who are legally responsible for managing removal and remedial site activities. It is intended for use at hazardous waste sites that have completed site characterization, risk assessment, and remedy selection and are in the process of implementing a removal action or site mitigation. |
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More Information on the One Cleanup Program
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| This guidance provides education and instruction for managing a potential weakness in environmental data quality for solid materials. Representative data are the foundation of correct decisions and effective remedial designs. This document shows how analytical subsampling is a crucial link for representative samples. It defines 'sample representativeness' in terms of the population of interest to the decision, which may or may not be based on a bulk average. Examples show how careless subsampling can severely bias analytical results. |
EPA 600-R-03-027
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| Polyethylene-membrane passive-vapor-diffusion samplers, or PVD samplers, have been shown to be an effective and economical reconnaissance tool for detecting and identifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in bottom sediments of surface-water bodies in areas of ground-water discharge. Examples of applications at nine hazardous-waste sites in New England demonstrate the utility of PVD samplers in a variety of hydrologic settings, including rivers, streams, ponds, wetlands, and coastal shorelines. Results of PVD sampling at these sites have confirmed the presence and refined the extent of VOC-contaminated ground-water-discharge areas where contaminated ground water is known, and identified areas of VOC-contaminated ground-water discharge where ground-water contamination was previously unknown. The principal VOCs detected were chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbons. Vapor concentrations in samplers range from not detected to more than 1,000,000 parts per billion by volume. These results provided insights about contaminant distributions and ground-water-flow patterns in discharge areas, and have guided the design of focused characterization activities. |
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| This document provides information and guidance to base environmental coordinators, site project managers and other decision makers within the Army for the purposes of improving the decision making process at sites with contaminated groundwater. The document provides background information on the limitations to groundwater cleanup in highly complex and heterogeneous aquifer systems that are impacted by non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPL). A decision framework is proposed consistent with regulatory guidance on the issue of technical impracticability to assist the site manager or other designated person in selecting a cost effective groundwater remedial strategy that can be accepted by all stakeholders. The primary objective of the document is to ensure that the Army, while fulfilling all its legal obligations at impacted sites, achieves an acceptable balance between expenditures, based on lifecycle costing, and reduction in risks to human health and the environment. |
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| This report presents information on decontamination of buildings, structures, and equipment at Superfund sites. Decontamination methods, types of contaminants, site-specific technology selection, effectiveness evaluation, case studies, and worker health and safety are discussed. The intended audience for this document includes those involved in developing a decontamination strategy for cleanup of buildings, structures, and equipment at Superfund sites. |
EPA 600-2-85-028
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| This Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost and Performance Information for Remediation Projects provides the recommended procedures for documenting the results of completed and on-going full-scale and demonstration-scale remediation projects. The original version was published by the Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable (Roundtable) in March 1995 to more effectively coordinate the activities of its member agencies and to assist in documenting their experience with remediation technologies. Member agencies of the Roundtable that were major contributors to this guide are the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). |
EPA 542-B-98-007
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| This commercialization assistance guide presents information on various programs and organizations that offer technical and financial assistance, as well as information and other resources, to small businesses and entrepreneurs. |
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| Much environmental data is generated using very prescriptive requirements for sample analysis because it is assumed that this will ensure 'high quality data.' However, deficiencies in project planning compromise the ability of this 'high quality data' to support reliable project decisions. This article, written by Barry Lesnik and Deana Crumbling of USEPA and published in the Jan/Feb 2001 issue of Environmental Testing & Analysis, discusses how a properly designed sampling and analysis plan (SAP) will address the greatest sources of decision uncertainty, which invariably stems from sampling issues. Stringent laboratory requirements cannot address this major cause of erroneous project decisions, but careful planning and increased sampling density can. Field analytical methods (used with adequate project-specific analytical QC protocols) permit cost-effective resolution of sampling uncertainty through the generation of 'effective data' that provide high confidence in the reliability of project decisions. |
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