Valence state: The combining capacity of an atom or radical determined by the number of electrons that it will lose, add, or share when it reacts with other atoms.
free product: A NAPL found in the subsurface in sufficient quantity that it can be partially recovered by pumping or gravity drain.
aerobic: Direct aerobic metabolism involves microbial reactions that require oxygen to go forward. The bacteria uses a carbon substrate as the electron donor and oxygen as the electron acceptor. Degradation of contaminants that are susceptible to aerobic degradation but not anaerobic often ceases in the vicinity of the source zone because of oxygen depletion. This can sometimes be reversed by adding oxygen in the form of air (air sparging, bioventing), ozone, or slow oxygen release compound (e.g., ORC(r)).
Aerobic dechlorination may also occur via cometabolism where the dechlorination is incidental to the metabolic activities of the organisms. In this case, contaminants are degraded by microbial enzymes that are metabolizing other organic substrates. Cometabolic dechlorination does not appear to produce energy for the organism. At pilot- or full-scale treatment, cometabolic and direct dechlorination may be indistinguishable, and both processes may contribute to contaminant removal. For aerobic cometabolism to occur there must be sufficient oxygen and a suitable substrate which allows the microbe to produce the appropriate enzyme. These conditions may be present naturally but often in the presence of a source area oxygen and a substrate such as methane or propane will need to be introduced.
Adapted from US. EPA 2006 Engineering Issue: In Situ and Ex Situ Biodegradation Technologies for Remediation of Contaminated Sites
anaerobic: Direct anaerobic metabolism involves microbial reactions occurring in the absence of oxygen and encompasses many processes, including fermentation, methanogenesis, reductive dechlorination, sulfate-reducing activities, and denitrification. Depending on the contaminant of concern, a subset of these activities may be cultivated. In anaerobic metabolism, nitrate, sulfate, carbon dioxide, oxidized metals, or organic compounds may replace oxygen as the electron acceptor.
Anaerobic dechlorination also may occur via cometabolism where the dechlorination is incidental to the metabolic activities of the organisms. In this case, contaminants are degraded by microbial enzymes that are metabolizing other organic substrates. Cometabolic dechlorination does not appear to produce energy for the organism. At pilot- or full-scale treatment, cometabolic and direct dechlorination may be indistinguishable, and both processes may contribute to contaminant removal.
Quoted from US. EPA 2006 Engineering Issue: In Situ and Ex Situ Biodegradation Technologies for Remediation of Contaminated Sites
architecture: "Architecture" refers to the physical distribution of the contaminant in the subsurface. Residuals that take the form of long thin ganglia or small dispersed globules provide a larger surface area that will dissolve much faster than if the same amount of liquid were concentrated in a competent pool.
Sources: For purposes of this discussion, a DNAPL source zone includes the zone that encompasses the entire subsurface volume in which DNAPL is present either at residual saturation or as "pools" of accumulation above confining units. In addition, the DNAPL source zone includes regions that have come into contact with DNAPL that may be storing contaminant mass as a result of diffusion of DNAPL into the soil or rock matrix.
source zone: For purposes of this discussion, a DNAPL source zone includes the zone that encompasses the entire subsurface volume in which DNAPL is present either at residual saturation or as "pools" of accumulation above confining units. In addition, the DNAPL source zone includes regions that have come into contact with DNAPL that may be storing contaminant mass as a result of diffusion of DNAPL into the soil or rock matrix.
focal ulceration: The process or fact of a localized area being eroded away.
metaplasia of the glandular stomach: A change of cells to a form that does not normally occur in the tissue in which it is found.
hyperplasia of the glandular stomach: A condition in which there is an increase in the number of normal cells in a tissue or organ.
histiocytic: Degenerative.
duodenum: First part of the small intestine.
microcytic: Any abnormally small cell.
squamous cell papillomas: A small solid benign tumor with a clear-cut border that projects above the surrounding tissue.
squamous cell carcinomas: Cancer that begins in squamous cells-thin, flat cells that look under the microscope like fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Squamous cell carcinomas may arise in any of these tissues.
jejunum: The middle portion of the small intestine, between duodenum and ileum. It represents about 2/5 of the remaining portion of the small intestine below duodenum.
ileum: The distal and narrowest portion of the small intestine.
squamous: Flat cells that look like fish scales.
metaplasia: A condition in which there is a change of one adult cell type to another similar adult cell type.
ossification: The process of creating bone, that is of transforming cartilage (or fibrous tissue) into bone.
clastogenesis: Any process resulting in the breakage of chromosomes.
neoplastic: Abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells.
ulceration: The process or fact of being eroded away.
leucocytosis: An elevation of the total number of white cells in blood.
neutrophils: A type of white blood cell.
chromodulin: A small protein that binds four trivalent chromium ions.
biomagnification: The increased accumulation and concentration of a contaminant at higher levels of the food chain; organisms higher on the food chain will have larger amounts of contaminants than those lower on the food chain, because the contaminants are not eliminated or broken down into other chemicals within the organisms.
exencephaly: Cerebral tissue herniation through a congenital or acquired defect in the skull.
everted viscera: Rotated body organs in the chest cavity.
To Be Considered: Documents, such as federal or state guidances, that are not legally binding but may be relevant to the topic in question.
gaining: A gaining surface water body is one where groundwater flows into it.
losing: A surface water body is losing when there is a permeable sediment bed that is not in contact with the groundwater allowing the surface water to seep through it.
fluvial: Of or pertaining to flow in rivers and streams.
lacustrine: Of or pertaining to a lake as in lacustrine sediments—sediments at the bottom of a lake.
lipid: Any class of fats that are insoluble in water.
lipophilic: Able to dissolve in lipids—in this case fatty tissue.
organelles: A part of a cell such as mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast that plays a specific role in how the cell functions and membranes.
RfD: The RfD is an estimate of a daily exposure of the human population (including sensitive sub-groups) to a substance that is likely to be without "the appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime." An RfD is expressed in units of mg/kg-day.
autonomic: That part of the nervous system that controls non-conscious actions such as heart rate, perspiration and digestion.
ataxia: Lack of muscle coordination.
funnel-and-gate configuration: A system where low-permeability walls (the funnel) placed in the saturated zone direct contaminated ground-water toward a permeable treatment zone (the gate)
Hekster, F.M., R.W.P.M. Laane, and P. de Voogt. 2003. Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 179:99-121.
Higgins, C. and R. Luthy. 2006. Sorption of perfluorinated surfactants on sediments. Environmental Science & Technology 40(23):7251-7256.
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1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA, CAS # 71-55-6) has a vapor pressure of 124 mmHg at 20oC (ATSDR 2006) and is a combustible liquid that burns with difficulty (NIOSH 2005). The log Koc of 1,1,1-TCA is 2.03, the log Kow is 2.49, and the Henry's constant is 6.3 e-3 atm at 20oC (ATSDR 2006). The solubility of 1,1,1-TCA is about 1,500 mg/L at 20oC (ATSDR 2006), and its specific gravity is about 1.34. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's toxicological profile for 1,1,1-TCA contains a useful summary table of the compound's physical properties. The relatively low calculated Koc value for 1,1,1-TCA in soil indicates that 1,1,1-TCA is likely to move quickly through soil and sediment (ATSDR 2006).
Based on a Henry's law constant of 6.3x10-3 atm-m3/mol at 20oC, 1,1,1-TCA is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces (ATSDR 2006). Modeling information for this compound in the Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) suggests that the half life of 1,1,1-TCA in a model river is about one hour, and about four and a half days in a model lake.
Because of the low Kow of 1,1,1-TCA, bioaccumulation is not expected to occur to any significant extent (ATSDR 2006). Microbial degradation of 1,1,1-TCA can occur under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, but it is slow (ATSDR 2006). Chang et al. (2002) demonstrated that 1,1,1-TCA can be degraded anaerobically to dichloroethane and chloroethane. The anaerobic process can stall at chloroethane, which generally degrades aerobically (ATSDR 2006).
1,1,1-TCA can undergo abiotic degradation in soil or water very slowly by elimination of hydrochloric acid (HCl) to form 1,1-dichloroethene, or it can undergo hydrolysis to form acetic acid. Direct photochemical degradation is not expected to be an important fate process (ATSDR 2006).
When released to the atmosphere, hydroxyl radicals are expected to degrade 1,1,1-TCA with a half life of about 6 years. Direct photolysis is not expected to occur (ATSDR 2006). Due to its long atmospheric lifetime, the compound will gradually diffuse into the stratosphere above the ozone layer, where it will slowly degrade due to direct photolysis from UV-C radiation and contribute to the catalytic removal of stratospheric ozone (HSDB).
References
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
PubChem PubChem, National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Degradation of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in Groundwater by Indigenous Microorganisms under Anaerobic Conditions Chang, P.R., E. Edwards, S. Dworatzek, D. Major, and P. Zeeb.
The 18th Annual International Conference on Contaminated Soils, Sediments and Water, 21-24 October 2002, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. CD-ROM, 2002
View abstract
Methyl Chloroform NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, NIOSH Publication Number 2005-149, 2005
This document has a broad discussion of DNAPL site evaluation and contains a comprehensive table of physical properties of selected DNAPL chemicals, including 1,1,1-TCA, in its Appendix A.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (1,1,1-TCA, CAS # 71-55-6) has a vapor pressure of 124 mmHg at 20oC (ATSDR 2006) and is a combustible liquid that burns with difficulty (NIOSH 2005). The log Koc of 1,1,1-TCA is 2.03, the log Kow is 2.49, and the Henry's constant is 6.3 e-3 atm at 20oC (ATSDR 2006). The solubility of 1,1,1-TCA is about 1,500 mg/L at 20oC (ATSDR 2006), and its specific gravity is about 1.34. The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's toxicological profile for 1,1,1-TCA contains a useful summary table
of the compound's physical properties. The relatively low calculated Koc value for 1,1,1-TCA in soil indicates that 1,1,1-TCA is likely to move quickly through soil and sediment (ATSDR 2006). 
