Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquids (DNAPLs)
Additional Resources
- Overview
- Policy and Guidance
- Chemistry and Behavior
- Environmental Occurrence
- Toxicology
- Detection and Site Characterization
- Treatment Technologies
- Conferences and Seminars
- Additional Resources
Literature References
Investigations of Chlorinated Solvents Bibliography
This U.S. Geological Survey webpage has an extensive listing of published articles on topics related to or concerning DNAPLs.
Monitoring and Measurement in the 21st Century Initiative
This website, which is dedicated to detection and characterization techniques, has a searchable database of over 6,000 literature abstracts. DNAPLs are a project area of concern.
Work Groups
Bioremediation of Chlorinated Solvents Consortium
The Consortium is one of seven Action Teams of the Remediation Technologies Development Forum (RTDF). It was established in May 1993, when representatives from various companies, universities, EPA, DoD, and DOE met to discuss their mutual interest in developing in situ bioremediation technologies to degrade chlorinated solvents in soils and ground water. The historical information concerning the consortium is available through the RTDF home page.
In 2004, the RTDF - Bioremediation Consortium initiated Phase III of its research activities when it joined forces with a multinational team to launch the In Situ Source Area Bioremediation project (SABRE). This project, which is being conducted in the United Kingdom, is scheduled to be completed in 2008 and has a budget of nearly $6 million, financed by industrial members and the DTI LINK Bioremediation program in the UK. The goal is to demonstrate the efficacy of accelerated anaerobic bioremediation as a treatment alternative for source areas contaminated with chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). The SABRE project team comprises: Archon Environmental; British Geological Survey (BGS); Celanese Acetate; Chevron; CL:AIRE; DuPont; ESI; GE; Geosyntec Consultants, Inc.; Golder Associates; Honeywell; ICI; Scientifics; SERDP; Shell; SiREM; Terra Systems, Inc; University of Edinburgh; and University of Sheffield. The Environment Agency (EA) of England and Wales and US EPA are also included. In addition, the University of Birmingham and BGS are conducting a complimentary research project (Streamtube) in the SABRE test cell. The project has completed initial characterization of DNAPL source zones, a laboratory microcosm study, installation of the test cell, and baseline data collection. Column studies are well advanced, and modelling is occurring throughout the project. Biostimulation and bioaugmentation of the test cell occurred in the Spring of 2007.
ITRC Bioremediation of DNAPLs Team
Contacts:
Naji Akladiss
Dept. of Environmental Protection
17 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333-0017
P 207-287-7709 / F 207-287-7826
naji.n.akladiss@maine.gov
Bill Morris
Dept. of Health and Environment
1000 SW Jackson
Suite 410
Topeka, KS 66620-1367
P 785-296-8425 / F 785-296-1686
bmorris@kdhe.state.ks.us
The ITRC BioDNAPL Team is developing a technical and regulatory guidance document for bioremediation of DNAPLs associated with chlorinated solvents that will be completed in early 2008. The guidance focuses on the scientific and engineering challenges with DNAPL remediation as well as regulatory concerns. An associated internet training on the guidance document will be available in 2008. The ITRC BioDNAPL team is also tracking the development, demonstration, and deployment of this new technology for remediating DNAPLs. Future topics to be covered by team products include microbial ecology, DNA typing of bacteria, and microbiological assays—topics unique to microbiology and bioremediation.
Documents
Dense Chlorinated Solvents and other DNAPLs in Groundwater: History, Behavior, and Remediation
Pankow, J., and J. Cherry.
Waterloo Press, 522pp, 1996
Geophysical methods offer hydrogeologists unprecedented access to understanding subsurface parameters and processes. In this book, we outline the theory and application of electrical imaging methods, which inject current into the ground and measure the resultant potentials. These data are sensitive to rock type, grain size, porosity, pore fluid electrical conductivity, saturation, and temperature. Here, we describe the physical basis for electrical imaging, parallels between electrical flow equations and the groundwater flow equation, practical considerations for field investigations, data processing and inverse modeling of field data, and how to QA/QC data. We additionally cover two case studies, including a 2-D waterborne survey and a 4-D dataset from a biostimulation experiment.
Web Sites
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable: Cost and Performance
This website allows searching by technology, media, or chemical for cost and performance case studies. Included in the chemicals of interest are dichloroethene, polychlorinated biphenyls, tetrachloroethene, and trichloroethene.
Naval Facilities Engineering Command Environmental Focus
This page covers a wide range of environmental topics, including DNAPLs.
State Coalition for Remediation of Drycleaners
This website provides discussions on characterization and cleanup approaches for drycleaner sites, most of which are contaminated with perchloroethene. There are over 130 case studies with costing and contact information.
Triad Resource Center
This website provides information on the Triad approach to characterization and remediation of environmentally contaminated sites. Triad consists of systematic planning, dynamic work strategies, and real-time measurement systems. This approach has definite application and value to DNAPL sites. Case studies that involve DNAPLs are provided.
Events and Media
CLU-IN Archived Webinars
CLU-IN archived Internet Seminars are two-hour web-based slide presentations with a companion audio portion. Below are past seminars on DNAPL topics. Check the website for future seminar dates.
- Strategies for Monitoring the Performance of DNAPL Source Zone Remedies (Archive of Feb 7, 2006 Seminar)
- The Basics: Understanding the Behavior of Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids (LNAPLs) in the Subsurface (Archive of Dec 12, 2005 Seminar)
- In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene - DNAPL Source Zones (Archive of May 24, 2011 Seminar)
- Integrated DNAPL Site Characterization (Archive of Jan 14, 2020 Seminar)
- Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing of DNAPL Source Zones (Archive of Mar 10, 2005 Seminar)
- DNAPLS - Source Zone Behavior and Mass Flux Measurement (Archive of Aug 10, 2005 Seminar)
- DNAPLs - Enhanced Remediation of DNAPL-Contaminated Subsurface Systems (Archive of Oct 26, 2005 Seminar)
- Nanotechnology - DNAPL Remediation (Archive of Mar 15, 2007 Seminar)
- Characterizing Mass Transfer and Mass Flux for DNAPL Source Zones (Archive of Jan 22, 2008 Seminar)
- Characterizing Mass Transfer and Mass Flux for DNAPL Source Zones (Archive of Feb 5, 2008 Seminar)
- Practical Models to Support Remediation Strategy Decision-Making - Part 1 (Archive of Oct 11, 2012 Seminar)
- DNAPLs - Biological Remediation Processes (Archive of Jan 25, 2006 Seminar)
- DNAPLs - Above-Ground (Ex situ) Chemical/Physical Remediation Methods (Archive of Sep 7, 2005 Seminar)
- Connecting the Science to Managing LNAPL Sites a 3 Part Series: Part 1 (Archive of Feb 8, 2022 Seminar)
- Connecting the Science to Managing LNAPL Sites a 3 Part Series: Part 2 (Archive of Feb 15, 2022 Seminar)
- Connecting the Science to Managing LNAPL Sites a 3 Part Series: Part 3 (Archive of Mar 1, 2022 Seminar)
- Evaluating LNAPL Remedial Technologies for Achieving Project Goals - Part 3 (Archive of May 18, 2017 Seminar)
- LNAPL Characterization and Recoverability - Improved Analysis - Part 2 (Archive of Jan 26, 2016 Seminar)
- An Improved Understanding of LNAPL Behavior in the Subsurface - State of Science vs. State of Practice - Part 1 (Archive of May 4, 2017 Seminar)
- LNAPL Characterization and Recoverability - Improved Analysis - Part 2 (Archive of May 11, 2017 Seminar)
- Integrated DNAPL Site Strategy (Archive of Sep 19, 2017 Seminar)
- Session I: Biogeochemical Factors Impacting in situ Remediation of Metals and PAH Mixtures (Archive of Feb 2, 2015 Seminar)
- In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies (NAPL Characterization and Related Cleanup Issues) (Archive of Dec 12, 2002 Seminar)
- Petroleum Vapor Intrusion: Fundamentals of Screening, Investigation, and Management (Archive of Apr 11, 2019 Seminar)
- 2020 Design and Construction at Hazardous Waste Sites Virtual Symposium: Panel 3 and Panel 4 (Archive of Oct 27, 2020 Seminar)
- In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies (Opening Remarks and In Situ Thermal Treatment) (Archive of Dec 10, 2002 Seminar)
- In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies (Surfactant/Cosolvent Flushing) (Archive of Dec 11, 2002 Seminar)
- In Situ Treatment of Groundwater Contaminated with Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid Contamination: Fundamentals and Case Studies (In Situ Chemical Oxidation) (Archive of Dec 11, 2002 Seminar)
- Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop Session 3 - Remediation Technologies (Archive of Nov 13, 2019 Seminar)
- Stable Isotope Analyses to Understand the Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Ground Water (Archive of Jun 16, 2010 Seminar)
- Stable Isotope Analyses to Understand the Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Ground Water (Part 1) (Archive of Sep 9, 2010 Seminar)
- Stable Isotope Analyses to Understand the Degradation of Organic Contaminants in Ground Water (Part 2) (Archive of Sep 16, 2010 Seminar)
- NARPM Presents...Decision Support System for Matrix Diffusion Modeling (Archive of Sep 22, 2014 Seminar)
- Biogeochemical Interactions Affecting Bioavailability for in Situ Remediation: Session I - Innovative Approaches for Chlorinated Compound Bioremediation in Groundwater (Archive of Apr 22, 2019 Seminar)
- Integrating Data from Multidisciplinary Research, Session I: Introducing the Big Picture (Archive of Jun 24, 2015 Seminar)
- Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance (Archive of Sep 13, 2022 Seminar)
- Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance (Archive of Dec 6, 2022 Seminar)
- Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance (Archive of Dec 5, 2023 Seminar)
- Optimizing Injection Strategies and In situ Remediation Performance (Archive of May 16, 2024 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 4: PA Scoring Exercise: Groundwater Migration Pathway (Archive of Jul 9, 2014 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 5: PA Scoring Exercise: Surface Water Migration Pathway (Archive of Jul 11, 2014 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 6: PA Scoring Exercise: Soil Exposure and Air Migration Pathways (Archive of Jul 14, 2014 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 8: SI Sampling Strategies for Groundwater and Surface Water (Archive of Aug 7, 2014 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 9: SI Sampling Strategies for Soil and Air (Archive of Aug 14, 2014 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 1: Overview of the Site Assessment Process under CERCLA (Archive of Jun 30, 2014 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 2: Basics of Performing Site Assessments and Conducting the PA (Archive of Jul 2, 2014 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 3: Site Evaluation and Scoring Site Sources (Archive of Jul 7, 2014 Seminar)
- CEC Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (PA/SI) Webinar Series, Module 7: Conducting the SI, Overview of SI Strategies, and Site Sources (Archive of Jul 21, 2014 Seminar)
- Session II: Biogeochemical Factors Impacting in situ Remediation of Chlorinated Contaminants (Archive of Feb 9, 2015 Seminar)
- Military Munitions Support Services - Decision Making for a Munitions Project (Archive of Jun 23, 2015 Seminar)
- Superfund Research Program Progress in Research Webinar Part 2: University of Louisville, University of New Mexico, and University of Washington (Archive of Sep 4, 2018 Seminar)
- Programmed Calculators for Dioxin Toxicity Equivalence (TEQ) (Archive of Feb 20, 2014 Seminar)
- Ecological Revitalization and Contaminated Sites (Archive of Mar 17, 2016 Seminar)
- 2020 Design and Construction at Hazardous Waste Sites Virtual Symposium: Panel 5 and Panel 6 (Archive of Oct 28, 2020 Seminar)
- Integrating Data from Multidisciplinary Research, Session II - Cross Domain Discovery and Integration (Archive of Oct 27, 2015 Seminar)
- NARPM Presents...Stress and Environmental Contamination: Tips and Tools from ATSDR (Archive of Oct 10, 2018 Seminar)
- Superfund and Renewable Energy: Promising Futures for Sites with a Contaminated Past (Archive of Apr 29, 2014 Seminar)
- Mining Remediation and Sustainability (Archive of Nov 17, 2014 Seminar)
- NARPM Presents...An Overview of Asbestos - Health Effects, Regulations, Sampling and Analysis, and a Case Study (Archive of Aug 30, 2012 Seminar)
- Close Out Procedures for NPL Sites Training (Archive of Feb 22, 2012 Seminar)
- Close Out Procedures for NPL Sites Training (Archive of Apr 24, 2012 Seminar)
- Military Munitions Support Services - MMRP Explosive Safety (Archive of Oct 19, 2017 Seminar)
- SBIR/STTR Funding Opportunities for Water Nanotechnologies (Archive of Aug 25, 2022 Seminar)
- Recognizing the Positive Economic Impacts of Superfund Redevelopment (Archive of Feb 7, 2024 Seminar)
- Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) Training (Archive of Jul 11, 2006 Seminar)
- Computational Toxicology: Chemical Prioritization / Rapid Assay Techniques (Archive of Jul 7, 2009 Seminar)
- Risk e-Learning Webinar Series: Session I - Data Sharing Tools, Workflows, and Platforms (Archive of May 17, 2021 Seminar)
- ESF-10 - From No Mission to Mission (Archive of Sep 29, 2008 Seminar)
- Ecological Revitalization Resources Available through EPA - Part 2 (Archive of Dec 5, 2007 Seminar)
- Revegetation of Mine Wastes in Arid Environments: Linking Above- and Below-Ground Performance (Archive of Aug 12, 2020 Seminar)
- Increasing Treatment Certainty while Controlling Remediation Cost - Case Studies using Hydraulic Fracturing to Deliver Amendments at Low-Permeability Sites (Archive of Jul 14, 2021 Seminar)
- SRP Progress in Research Webinar Series: Emerging Technologies in Occupational Health and Safety Training and Education - Session I (Archive of Apr 26, 2024 Seminar)
- CEC Training for OSCs...Pipeline Emergencies (Archive of Nov 14, 2013 Seminar)
- SRP Progress in Research Webinar Series: Emerging Technologies in Occupational Health and Safety Training and Education - Session III (Archive of May 17, 2024 Seminar)
- Demystifying the DMA (Demonstration of Method Applicability) (Archive of Jul 28, 2008 Seminar)
- Alternative Countermeasures for Oil Spills...a Primer on NCP Product Schedule (Archive of Nov 23, 2009 Seminar)
- Show Me How: Brownfields Redevelopment in Economically Distressed Areas (Archive of Nov 19, 2021 Seminar)
- Environmental Management at Operating Outdoor Small Arms Firing Ranges (Archive of Jun 28, 2005 Seminar)
- Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop Session 2 - Risk Assessment (Archive of Oct 30, 2019 Seminar)
- Collaborative Research on Environmental Toxicants in Rapidly Developing Settlements of the U.S.-Mexico Border (Archive of Sep 16, 2009 Seminar)
- Contaminated Sediments Virtual Workshop Session 4 - Long-Term Monitoring (Archive of Nov 20, 2019 Seminar)
- Biogeochemical Interactions Affecting Bioavailability for in Situ Remediation: Session II - Bioavailability of Mixtures of PAHs, Chlorinated Compounds, and Metals (Archive of May 13, 2019 Seminar)
- Energy for the Future: Exploring Methane Gas-to-Energy Projects at Superfund Sites (Archive of May 6, 2010 Seminar)
- Vapor Intrusion Pathway: A Practical Guideline (Archive of Apr 29, 2008 Seminar)
- Protocol for Use of Five Passive Samplers (Archive of Sep 14, 2010 Seminar)
- ProUCL Utilization 2020: Part 1: ProUCL A to Z (Archive of Jan 27, 2020 Seminar)
- Analytical Solute and Heat Transport Model (ASHTM): Tool to Assist Superfund Oversight (Archive of Jun 10, 2024 Seminar)
- Tools for PFAS Site Characterization: Session I - Novel Analytical Chemistry Approaches (Archive of Oct 6, 2023 Seminar)
- Conducting Climate Vulnerability Assessments at Superfund Sites: Lessons Learned (Archive of Nov 14, 2023 Seminar)
- Environmental Data Management (EDM): Real Life Application of Data Management Planning and Field Data Collection Best Practices (Archive of Feb 23, 2023 Seminar)
- Environmental Data Management (EDM): Real Life Application of Data Management Planning and Field Data Collection Best Practices (Archive of Apr 25, 2024 Seminar)
- 25 Years of Contaminated Land Management - Achievements and Work Still to Be Done Panel 1: Shifts in Contaminated Site Management in the EU and US (Archive of Oct 4, 2005 Seminar)
- Risk Assessment Forum's Cumulative Risk CADDIS - Risk-based Prioritization - Diagnosing the Risk Drivers (Archive of Apr 7, 2009 Seminar)
- OBLR RE-Development Academy for Communities Webinar 2: Peering Into the Crystal Ball: How the Market Decides Future Use! (Archive of Oct 18, 2019 Seminar)
- Treatment of Heavy Metals and Elimination of Sulfur with a Novel Sulfate Reducing Permeable Reactive Barrier Containing ZVI (Archive of Aug 27, 2008 Seminar)
- Superfund Research Program Small Business Water Innovation Progress in Research: Session II - Innovative Detection Technologies (Archive of Mar 23, 2016 Seminar)
- Bioremediation - Expanding the Toolbox: Session III - Emerging Opportunities (Archive of Oct 11, 2019 Seminar)
- Using GIS Tools to Analyze, Compute, and Predict Pollution, Session II - GIS Tools for Hazardous Site Tracking (Archive of Dec 6, 2013 Seminar)
- Nanotechnology - Environmental Sensors (Archive of May 31, 2007 Seminar)
- Remedial Action, Remedy Performance, and Long-Term Land Management at the Anaconda Smelter NPL site (Archive of Jun 4, 2015 Seminar)
- 2020 Design and Construction at Hazardous Waste Sites Virtual Symposium: Panel 1 and Panel 2 (Archive of Oct 26, 2020 Seminar)
- NARPM Presents...A Tale of Three Sites - Supporting Reuse Throughout the Cleanup Process (Archive of Mar 10, 2011 Seminar)
- NARPM Presents...Closeout Procedures for National Priorities List Sites (Archive of Apr 10, 2013 Seminar)
- EPA Region 2 Forty Years to the Finish - A Case Study of Combe Fill South Landfill Superfund Site (Archive of Jan 13, 2021 Seminar)
- Superfund Research Program Progress in Research Webinar Part 4: Boston University, Texas A&M University, and University of California, Davis (Archive of Oct 1, 2018 Seminar)
- Annual Status Report 12th edition (Archive of Oct 11, 2007 Seminar)
- The Interplay Between Environmental Exposures and Infectious Agents: Session I - Introduction to Infectious Agents and Their Interactions with Environmental Exposures (Archive of Oct 17, 2016 Seminar)
- Combined Remedies: Adaptive, Flexible, Attentive Use of the Right Tools (Archive of May 21, 2018 Seminar)
- Updates in Use of Qualified Data in HRS Evaluations (Archive of Sep 28, 2023 Seminar)
- Nanoparticles and Ecotoxicology (Archive of Oct 18, 2007 Seminar)
- Exposures and Latent Disease Risk: Session I - Linking Exposures to Diseases with Long Latency Periods (Archive of May 11, 2020 Seminar)
- Green Remediation: Applying Strategies in the Field - Session 1 of 3 (Archive of Oct 8, 2009 Seminar)
- Green Remediation: Applying Strategies in the Field - Session 2 of 3 (Archive of Nov 12, 2009 Seminar)
- Introduction to the Hazard Ranking System (HRS) (Archive of Oct 26, 2023 Seminar)
- U.S. EPA Superfund Remedial Program's Approach for Risk Harmonization when addressing Chemical and Radioactive Contamination at Sites (Archive of May 22, 2024 Seminar)
- FRTR Presents: Large-Dilute Plumes: Challenges and Opportunities (Archive of May 1, 2013 Seminar)
- Federal Facilities Online Academy: Community Involvement at Federal Facilities (Archive of Oct 1, 2019 Seminar)
- Federal Facilities Online Academy: Community Involvement at Federal Facilities (Archive of Sep 14, 2022 Seminar)
- Federal Facilities Academy: Community Involvement at Federal Facilities (Archive of Mar 21, 2024 Seminar)
- EMRTAI: Advancing Technological Innovation and Supporting Informed Decision-Making in Critical Minerals Recovery from Mine Waste (Archive of Jun 18, 2024 Seminar)
- Analytical Tools and Methods: Session II - Techniques for Trace Analysis of Metals and Chemical Mixtures (Archive of May 22, 2017 Seminar)
- PFAS Management Strategies in the United States and Europe (Archive of Aug 26, 2024 Seminar)
- Adverse Outcome Pathways: Session II - Assembling and Assessing AOP Information (Archive of Nov 29, 2017 Seminar)
Other Media
Tools for Management of Chlorinated Solvent-Contaminated Sites
This on-demand video presented in December 2009 provides training on the use and implementation of four recently developed decision and management tools for DNAPL source zones—(1) a screening tool for selection of DNAPL source area remedial technologies; (2) a decision tool for optimization of chlorinated solvent source and plume remediation considering uncertainty; (3) a design tool for planning aqueous amendment injection systems; and (4) a tool for using multiple lines of evidence in conjunction with source zone models to assess changes in mass discharge.
Software Packages and Online Tools
CLU-IN Software and Tools
CLU-IN's Software Packages and Online Tools area offers information on individual software packages and online tools to assist visitors as well as links to other sources of free software and tools.