Dal Santo, M. and G.A. Prosperi. | Italian Journal of Groundwater 419:63-71(2020)

Chemical reactants were injected to remediate 28 petroleum-hydrocarbon sites in Italy by enhanced bioremediation, in situ chemical oxidation, or surfactants. Soil and groundwater samples were collected from each site to identify the magnitude of the contamination and quantify the reagents needed. Reagents were either injected into monitoring wells, direct push points, or devoted injection wells or applied into filter socks or an excavation. Remediation efficacy was evaluated using contaminant chemical concentration and physicochemical parameters. Chemical injections led to a reduction of the contamination within one year from application for 62% of the sites. An increase in contaminant concentration was recorded at 10% of the sites, particularly where surfactants were used. This may be due to the desorption of the contamination after the application and a lack of groundwater recovery during pull activities. Pros and cons are listed for each method. https://www.acquesotterranee.net/index.php/acque/article/download/419/364