Leombruni, A., F. Morlacchi, L. Collina, D. Leigh, and M. Mueller.
Italian Journal of Groundwater 434:73-80(2020)

ELS^® Microemulsion Reagent (ELS) was successfully applied to remediate groundwater at a former manufacturing site in Italy contaminated with PCE (>5.5 mg/L), TCE (>2 mg/L), 1,2-DCE (>1 mg/L) and, to a lesser extent, VC and 1,2-dichloropropane. ELS is an electron donor composed of an easily fermentable organic substrate based on lecithin and designed to enhance in situ anaerobic bioremediation of aquifers contaminated by organochlorine compounds and heavy metals. The use of ELS required turning off or adjusting, some of the pump-and-treat wells used for source containment due to concerns that the system could affect ELS treatment effectiveness. Approximately 4,900 kg of ELS concentration was injected under high pressure at 51 locations into the source area. In ~12 months, contaminant concentrations rapidly reduced when compared to the pre-treatment concentrations. Results indicated the establishment of clear and enhanced biotic reducing conditions. No rebound effects have been observed in three years of monitoring. https://www.acquesotterranee.net/index.php/acque/article/download/434/365